韦伯望远镜锁定最遥远快速射电暴宿主星系 距离仅大爆炸后30亿年

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快速射电暴(FRB)研究迎来一项标志性成果。天文学家利用 NASA 詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜(JWST),成功定位并测得了迄今观测到的最遥远快速射电暴 FRB 20240304B 的宿主星系。研究显示,这一射电暴源自一个远小于预期的矮星系,其红移高达 2.148,对应大爆炸后仅约 30 亿年的“宇宙正午”时期。这一发现对快速射电暴的起源理论构成了直接挑战。相关论文已于本周四发表在《科学》杂志上,第一作者为悉尼大学的 Manisha Caleb。

快速射电暴自 2007 年首次被发现以来,始终是天体物理学中最引人困惑的谜题之一。这种仅持续数毫秒的射电辐射闪爆来自遥远宇宙,且绝大多数只出现一次便再无踪迹,导致其物理起源至今没有定论。Caleb 直言:“我们有一些关于什么天体产生它们的猜想,但缺乏决定性证据。”要解开这个谜团,精确定位宿主星系并测量其距离、性质,是最有效的路径之一。

地面失灵,韦伯接力

2024 年 3 月 4 日,MeerTRAP 团队利用南非 MeerKAT 射电望远镜阵列探测到这次爆发,编号 FRB 20240304B。射电数据显示其距离极远,可能创下纪录,但要确认这一点,必须研究其宿主星系。问题在于,尽管团队已掌握该射电暴的精确位置,全球最大的地面光学望远镜在那个天区却一无所获——宿主星系太过暗弱。团队随后转向韦伯望远镜,NIRCam 近红外相机在正确位置探测到了星系,NIRSpec 近红外光谱仪则给出了精确的红移测量:2.148。

这一红移意味着,该射电暴发出的信号在宇宙中穿行了超过百亿年才抵达地球。迄今探测到的大多数快速射电暴都发生在数十亿年之后的宇宙时期,FRB 20240304B 将观测边界大幅向前推进,处于宇宙恒星形成最活跃的“宇宙正午”阶段。

【关键数据】

- 宿主星系红移: 2.148(对应大爆炸后约 30 亿年)

- 星系质量: 比典型 FRB 宿主星系预期值低 1000 倍的矮星系

- 恒星形成时标: 大部分恒星可能在约 3000 万年内形成

- 首次发现 FRB: 2007 年

JWST NIRCam拍摄的FRB 20240304B宿主星系

起源理论面临重估

真正的意外来自宿主星系本身。已知的快速射电暴宿主大多是质量庞大、恒星形成活跃的星系,而 FRB 20240304B 的宿主却是一个质量比预期小 1000 倍的矮星系。“我们原以为会看到一个庞大、结构完善、恒星众多的星系,结果却是一个小小的矮星系,尽管它正在剧烈地形成恒星。”Caleb 表示。论文合著者、英国曼彻斯特大学的 Ben Stappers 也坦言,这个宿主星系在整个样本中显得格格不入,完全出乎预料。

这一发现对两大主流起源假说产生了不同影响。一种理论认为快速射电暴源自两颗中子星的并合,但双中子星从相互绕转到碰撞需要数十亿年,因此并合事件应与包含更年老恒星群体的星系相关。FRB 20240304B 宿主星系中大部分恒星可能仅在 3000 万年内形成,这意味着该射电暴极不可能来自中子星并合。相比之下,另一种理论——年轻、高磁场强度的磁星(magnetar)爆发——与一个年轻而剧烈形成恒星的矮星系高度吻合,此前的证据链因此得到进一步强化。

射电与红外的联合作战

这项成果的另一个亮点是观测范式的组合创新。MeerKAT 的 MeerTRAP 项目负责实时发现和精确定位遥远爆发,韦伯则凭借其无与伦比的红外灵敏度负责解析宿主星系。Stappers 评价称,这种“发现—定位—深究”的接力组合非常令人兴奋。随着 SKA 等下一代射电望远镜上线以及韦伯持续观测,更多高红移快速射电暴有望被系统性地追踪。

从长期看,快速射电暴还有一个独特的科学价值:其信号穿越星际介质时会被电离物质色散,可作为绘制宇宙电离气体分布的“探针”。像 FRB 20240304B 这样位于宇宙正午时期的遥远样本,将为研究星系间介质演化提供稀缺数据点。如果后续观测继续支持磁星起源,天文学界或将很快为这一延续近二十年的谜题写下答案。


出处:Webb Measures Distance to Farthest Fast Radio Burst, Suggesting Origin

英文原文
Explore Webb Science James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Webb Measures Distance to… Webb News Latest News Latest Images Webb’s Blog Awards X (offsite – login reqd) Instagram (offsite – login reqd) Facebook (offsite- login reqd) Youtube (offsite) Overview About Who is James Webb? Fact Sheet Impacts+Benefits FAQ Webb Timeline Science Overview and Goals Early Universe Galaxies Over Time Star Lifecycle Other Worlds Science/Engineering Explainers Observatory Overview Launch Deployment Orbit Mirrors Sunshield Instruments & ISIM Module Instrument: NIRCam Instrument: MIRI Instrument: NIRSpec Instrument: FGS/NIRISS Optical Telescope Element Backplane Spacecraft Bus Webb vs Hubble -> Multimedia About Webb Images Images Videos Products & Activities Podcasts Webb Image Sonifications What is Webb Observing? 3d Webb in 3d Solar System Webb’s First Images Team International Team People Of Webb More For the Media For Scientists For Educators For Fun/Learning 5 Min Read Webb Measures Distance to Farthest Fast Radio Burst, Suggesting Origin NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) was able to detect the host galaxy of the fast radio burst called FRB 20240304B, whose location is shown by the white cross. They found it is a small dwarf galaxy actively forming stars. Credits: Image: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Themiya Nanayakkara (USYD); Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI) First discovered in 2007, fast radio bursts are enigmatic, millisecond-long flashes of radio emission from the distant universe. Their origin remains uncertain, particularly since most are seen once and never again. Astronomers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have pinpointed the host galaxy of the most distant fast radio burst (FRB) seen to date. Their finding has implications for what kind of energetic event creates these bursts. “What makes fast radio bursts interesting is that we don’t know what generates them. We have theories for what objects produce them, but we don’t have conclusive proof,” said Manisha Caleb of the University of Sydney, lead author on the study published Thursday in the journal Science . The MeerTRAP team used the MeerKAT telescope to detect the burst on March 4, 2024, leading to its designation as FRB 20240304B. The radio data from this burst suggested that it was extremely distant, possibly the most distant one seen to date. To confirm that distance, though, astronomers would need to study its host galaxy. Although they knew the location of the FRB very precisely, the world’s largest ground-based telescopes could not see any galaxy at that spot in the sky. As a result, the team turned to the Webb telescope. Image: FRB 20240304B (NIRCam Image) NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) was able to detect the host galaxy of the fast radio burst called FRB 20240304B, whose location is shown by the white cross. They found it is a small dwarf galaxy actively forming stars. Image: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Themiya Nanayakkara (USYD); Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI) Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument detected a galaxy in the right location, and its NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) instrument provided a precise measurement of the galaxy’s redshift : 2.148, corresponding to a time just 3 billion years after the big bang. The vast majority of FRBs detected to date occurred billions of years later in cosmic history. The team discovered that the host galaxy of FRB 20240304B was not typical of other galaxies with FRBs. Most FRB galaxies are massive star-forming galaxies, but the galaxy they found was 1,000 times less massive than they expected. “We thought it would be a big, nicely formed galaxy with lots of stars, and instead it was a little dwarf galaxy, although it was actively forming stars,” said Caleb. “The host sticks out in the whole galaxy sample that we have. And it definitely was not what we were expecting,” said Ben Stappers of the University of Manchester, United Kingdom, a co-author on the paper. “This combination of using the MeerTRAP project on the MeerKAT telescope to discover and localize these distant bursts and Webb to study their hosts is very exciting.” The galaxy existed at the height of “ cosmic noon ” – a period in the history of the universe when star formation was at its peak. The galaxy’s rate of star formation suggested that the majority of its stars may have formed within just 30 million years. This has important implications for the origin of fast radio bursts. One theory suggests that FRBs may originate from the merger of two neutron stars. However, the process of orbiting neutron stars gradually approaching closer and closer until they collide is expected to take billions of years. As a result, FRBs would be expected to be associated with older galaxies containing more evolved stellar populations. A second theory proposes that an FRB can originate from a single, young, highly magnetic neutron star known as a magnetar thro

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