瑞利衰落信道

百科解释

瑞利衰落能有效描述存在能够大量散射无线电信号的障碍物的无线传播环境。若传播环境中存在足够多的散射，则冲激信号到达接收机后表现为大量统计独立的随机变量的叠加，根据中心极限定理，则这一无线信道的冲激响应将是一个高斯过程。如果这一散射信道中不存在主要的信号分量，通常这一条件是指不存在直射信号（LoS），则这一过程的均值为0，且相位服从0 到2π 的均匀分布。即，信道响应的能量或包络服从瑞利分布。设随机变量R，于是其概率密度函数为：
其中σ = E(R2
若信道中存在一主要分量，例如直射信号（LoS），则信道响应的包络服从莱斯分布，对应的信道模型为莱斯衰落信道。
通常将信道增益以等效基带信号表示，即用一复数表示信道的幅度和相位特性。由此瑞利衰落即可由这一复数表示，它的实部和虚部服从于零均值的独立同分布高斯过程。

模型的适用

建筑密集的曼哈顿地区的无线信道符合瑞利衰落信道模型。

最大多普勒频移为10Hz的瑞利衰落信道。

最大多普勒频移为100Hz的瑞利衰落信道。

瑞利衰落模型适用于描述建筑物密集的城镇中心地带的无线信道。密集的建筑和其他物体使得无线设备的发射机和接收机之间没有直射路径，而且使得无线信号被衰减、反射、折射、衍射。在曼哈顿的实验证明，当地的无线信道环境确实接近于瑞利衰落。[3] 通过电离层和对流层反射的无线电信道也可以用瑞利衰落来描述，因为大气中存在的各种粒子能够将无线信号大量散射。
瑞利衰落属于小尺度的衰落效应，它总是叠加于如阴影、衰减等大尺度衰落效应上。
信道衰落的快慢与发射端和接收端的相对运动速度的大小有关。相对运对导致接收信号的多普勒频移。图中所示即为一固定信号通过单径的瑞利衰落信道后，在1秒内的能量波动，这一瑞利衰落信道的多普勒频移最大分别为10Hz和100Hz，在GSM1800MHz的载波频率上，其相应的移动速度分别为约6千米每小时和60千米每小时。特别需要注意的是信号的“深衰落”现象，此时信号能量的衰减达到数千倍，即30～40分贝。

性质

Since it is based on a well-studied distribution with with special properties, the Rayleigh distribution lends itself to analysis, and the key features that affect the performance of a wireless network have analytic expressions.
Note that the parameters discussed here are for a non-static channel. If a channel is not changing with time, clearly it does not fade and instead remains at some particular level. Separate instances of the channel in this case will be uncorrelated with one another owing to the assumption that each of the scattered components fades independently. Once relative motion is introduced between any of the transmitter, receiver and scatterers, the fading becomes correlated and varying in time.

相关性

瑞利衰落信道的自相关函数，其多普勒频移为10Hz。

无线终端的发射端和接收端之间若以恒定的相对速度移动，则这一瑞利衰落信道的归一化自相关函数为零阶贝塞尔函数：

其中延时为，最大多普勒频偏为fd。如图所示，为最大多普勒频移为10Hz的瑞利衰落信道的自相关函数，它关于延时是周期的，而且其包络在第一个零点之后缓慢衰减。

幅度穿越率
幅度穿越率（LCR，level crossing rate）是对衰落快慢的一种度量。LCR 给出衰落信号的幅度以怎样的频率穿越某一门限，通常按照正向穿越方向进行计算。瑞利衰落的LCR为：[5]

其中是最大多普勒频偏，为对信号的均方根进行归一化的信号门限值：

平均衰落时间
平均衰落时间（AFD，average fade duration）这一参数是指信号在门限以下持续的时间。瑞利衰落的平均衰落时间为：
幅度穿越速率和平均衰落时间这两个参数给出了衰落在时间上严重程度的描述。对于一定的门限值ρ，平均衰落时间和幅度穿越速率的积为常数，并且可以表示为：

Doppler power spectral density

The normalized Doppler power spectrum of Rayleigh fading with a maximum Doppler shift of 10Hz.

The Doppler power spectral density of a fading channel describes how much spectral broadening it causes. This shows how a pure frequency e.g. a pure sinusoid, which is an impulse in the frequency domain is spread out across frequency when it passes through the channel. It is the Fourier transform of the time-autocorrelation function. For Rayleigh fading with a vertical receive antenna with equal sensitivity in all directions, this has been shown to be
where is the frequency shift relative to the carrier frequency. Clearly, this equation is only valid for values of between ; the spectrum is zero outside this range. This spectrum is shown in the figure for a maximum Doppler shift of 10Hz. The &＃39;&＃39;&＃39;&＃39;bowl shape&＃39;&＃39;&＃39;&＃39; or &＃39;&＃39;&＃39;&＃39;bathtub shape&＃39;&＃39;&＃39;&＃39; is the classic form of this doppler spectrum.

瑞利衰落信道的仿真

根据上文所述，瑞利衰落信道可以通过发生实部和虚部都服从独立的高斯分布变量来仿真生成。不过，在有些情况下，研究者只对幅度的波动感兴趣。针对这种情况，有两种方法可以仿真产生瑞利衰落信道。这两种方法的目的是产生一个信号，有着上文所示的多普勒功率谱或者等效的自相关函数。这个信号就是瑞利衰落信道的冲激响应。

Jakes模型
In his book,[6] Jakes popularised a model for Rayleigh fading based on summing sinusoids. Let the scatterers be uniformly distributed around a circle at angles αn with k rays emerging from each scatterer. The Doppler shift on ray n is
<dl>
<dd></dd>
</dl>
and, with M such scatterers, the Rayleigh fading of the kth waveform over time t can be modelled as:
<dl>
<dd>.</dd>
</dl>
Here, and the and are model parameters with usually set to zero, chosen so that there is no cross-correlation between the real and imaginary parts of R(t):
<dl>
<dd></dd>
</dl>
and used to generate multiple waveforms. If a single-path channel is being modelled, so that there is only one waveform then can be zero. If a multipath, frequency-selective channel is being modelled so that multiple waveforms are needed, Jakes suggests that uncorrelated waveforms are given by:
<dl>
<dd>.</dd>
</dl>
In fact, it has been shown that the waveforms are correlated among themselves — they have non-zero cross-correlation — except in special circumstances.[7] The model is also deterministic (it has no random element to it once the parameters are chosen). A modified Jakes&＃39;&＃39;&＃39;&＃39; model[8] chooses slightly different spacings for the scatterers and scales their waveforms using Walsh-Hadamard sequences to ensure zero cross-correlation. Setting
<dl>
<dd> and ,</dd>
</dl>
results in the following model, usually termed the Dent model or the modified Jakes model:
<dl>
<dd>.</dd>
</dl>
The weighting functions An(k) are the kth Walsh-Hadamard sequence in n. Since these have zero cross-correlation by design, this model results in uncorrelated wavforms. The phases can be initialised randomly and have no effect on the correlation properties.
The Jakes&＃39;&＃39;&＃39;&＃39; model also popularised the Doppler spectrum associated with Rayleigh fading, and, as a result, this Doppler spectrum is often termed Jakes&＃39;&＃39;&＃39;&＃39; spectrum.

Filtered white noise
Another way to generate a signal with the required Doppler power spectrum is to pass a white Gaussian noise signal through a filter with a frequency response equal to the square-root of the Doppler spectrum required. Although simpler than the models above, and non-deterministic, it presents some implementation questions related to needing high-order filters to approximate the irrational square-root function in the response and sampling the Guassian waveform at an appropriate rate.

通信词典解释