°Ù¿Æ½âÊÍ
Ŀ¼·»ù±¾ÊõÓï·¹¤×÷ÔÀí·ÆðÔ´·ÍòάÍø±ê×¼·JavaÓïÑÔºÍJavas criptÓïÑÔ·Éç»áÓ°Ïì··¢²¼ÍøÒ³·Í³¼Æ·ËÙ¶ÈÎÊÌâ·Ñ§Êõ»áÒé·±ê×¼ ά»ù°Ù¿Æ¸½½üµÄÍòάÍøµÄͼÐλ¯±íʾ ÍòάÍø£¨Òà×÷¡°ÍøÂ硱¡¢¡°WWW¡±¡¢¡°W3¡±£¬Ó¢ÎÄ¡°Web¡±»ò¡°World Wide Web¡±£©£¬ÊÇÒ»¸ö×ÊÁϿռ䡣ÔÚÕâ¸ö¿Õ¼äÖУºÒ»ÑùÓÐÓõÄÊÂÎ³ÆΪһÑù¡°×ÊÔ´¡±£»²¢ÇÒÓÉÒ»¸öÈ«Óò¡°Í³Ò»×ÊÔ´±êʶ·û¡±£¨URI£©±êʶ¡£ÕâЩ×ÊԴͨ¹ý³¬Îı¾´«ÊäÐÒé(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)´«Ë͸øʹÓÃÕߣ¬¶øºóÕßͨ¹ýµã»÷Á´½ÓÀ´»ñµÃ×ÊÔ´¡£´ÓÁíÒ»¸ö¹ÛµãÀ´¿´£¬ÍòάÍøÊÇÒ»¸ö͸¹ýÍøÂç´æÈ¡µÄ»¥Á¬³¬Îļþ(interlinked hypertext document)ϵͳ¡£ÍòάÍøÁªÃË£¨World Wide Web Consortium£¬¼ò³ÆW3C£©£¬ÓÖ³ÆW3CÀíÊ»ᡣ1994Äê10ÔÂÔÚÓµÓС°ÊÀ½çÀí¹¤´óѧ֮×³ÆºÅµÄÂéÊ¡Àí¹¤Ñ§Ôº(MIT)¼ÆËã»ú¿ÆѧʵÑéÊÒ³ÉÁ¢¡£½¨Á¢ÕßÊÇÍòάÍøµÄ·¢Ã÷ÕßµÙÄ·¡¤²®ÄÉ˹-Àî¡£ ÍòάÍø³£±»µ±³ÉÒòÌØÍøµÄͬÒå´Ê£¬²»¹ýÆäʵÍòάÍøÊÇ¿¿ÖøÒòÌØÍøÔËÐеÄÒ»Ïî·þÎñ¡£ »ù±¾ÊõÓï ³¬Îı¾(Hypertext)ÊÇÓÉÒ»¸ö½Ð×öÍøÒ³ä¯ÀÀÆ÷(Web browser)µÄ³ÌÐòÏÔʾ¡£ÍøÒ³ä¯ÀÀÆ÷´ÓÍøÒ³·þÎñÆ÷È¡»Ø³ÆΪ¡°Îĵµ¡±»ò¡°ÍøÒ³¡±µÄ×ÊѶ²¢ÏÔʾ¡£Í¨³£ÊÇÏÔʾÔÚµçÄÔÏÔʾÆ÷¡£ÈË¿ÉÒÔ¸úËæÍøÒ³Éϵij¬Á¬½á(Hyperlink)£¬ÔÙÈ¡»Øµµ°¸£¬ÉõÖÁÒ²¿ÉÒÔËͳö×ÊÁϸø·þÎñÆ÷¡£Ë³×ų¬Á¬½á×ßµÄÐÐΪÓÖ½Ðä¯ÀÀÍøÒ³¡£Ïà¹ØµÄ×ÊÁÏͨ³£ÅųÉһȺÍøÒ³£¬ÓÖ½ÐÍøÕ¾¡£ ÍòάÍøµÄÓ¢ÎÄÃû³Æ Ó¢ÎĶÌÓï¡°surfing the Internet¡±£¨¡°ÍøÉϳåÀË¡±£©£¬¼´ä¯ÀÀÍøÂ磬Ê×ÏÈÓÉÒ»¸ö½Ð¼ò¡¤°¢Äª¶û¡¤ÅÝÀû£¨Jean Armour Polly£©µÄ×÷¼Òͨ¹ýËûµÄ×÷Æ·¡¶ÍøÉϳåÀË¡·Ê¹Õâ¸ö¸ÅÄî±»´óÖÚ½ÓÊÜ¡£Õâ±¾ÊéÓÉÍþ¶ûÑ·³ö°æÉçÔÚ1992Äê6ÔÂÕýʽ³ö°æ¡£Ëý¿ÉÄÜÊǶÀÁ¢Ìá³öÕâ¸ö¸ÅÄîµÄ£¬µ«ÔÚ¸üÔçµÄ1991Äêµ½1992Äê¼äÔÚUsenet¾ÍÓÐÈËʹÓÃÁË¡£ÓÐÈ˼ǵÃÔÚÕâÁ½Äê֮ǰ¾ÍÓÐһЩºÚ¿ÍʹÓÃÕâ¸ö´ÊÁË¡£ÅÝÀûÔÚ»¥ÁªÍøÁìÓòÓÐʱ±»³Æ×÷¡°ÍøÂçÂèÂ衱£¨NetMom£©¡£ ¾¡¹ÜÓ¢Îĵ¥´Êworldwideͨ³£±»Ð´ÎªÒ»¸ö´Ê£¨Ã»Óпոñ»òÕßÁ¬×Ö·û£©£¬È«³ÆWorld Wide Web ºÍÆä¼ò³ÆWWWÏÖÔÚÔÚһЩÕý¹æµÄÓ¢ÎÄÖÐÒ²±»¹ã·ºÊ¹Óá£×îÔçµÄÎÄÏ×̸µ½ÍòάÍø³ÆÆäΪWorldWideWeb£¨ÕâÕýÊÇÒ»¸ö±à³ÌÐòµÄÈËϲ»¶Á¬´Ê×Ö£¬¼´°Ñ¼¸¸ö´ÊÁ¬ÔÚÒ»Æð³ÉÒ»¸öдʣ¬µÄ¾ø¼ÑÀý×Ó£©»òÕßWorld-Wide Web £¨¼ÓÁËÁ¬×Ö·û£¬ÕâÑùÕâ¸ö°æ±¾µÄÃû×Ö×î½Ó½üÕýʽµÄÓ¢ÓïÓ÷¨)¡£ ÓÐȤµÄÊÇ£¬¡°WWW¡±³ÉΪÁËÓ¢ÎÄÖÐÉÙÊýµÄ¼ò³ÆµÄÒô½Ú±È±¾À´Ãû×ÖµÄÒô½Ú¸ü³¤µÄ¼ò³Æ¡£ÔÚÓ¢ÓïÀWorld Wide Web¹²Èý¸öÒô½Ú£¬¶øµ¥µ¥Ò»¸öW×Öĸ¾ÍÓÐÈý¸öÒô½Ú¡£ ÍòάÍøµÄÖÐÎÄÃû³Æ 1994Äê6Ô£¬±±ÃÀµÄÖйúÐÂÎŵçÄÔÍøÂ磨China News Digest£©£¬¼´CND£¬ÔÚÆäµç×Ó³ö°æÎ»ªÏÄÎÄÕª¡·ÉϽ« World Wide Web ³ÆΪ¡°ÍòάÍø¡±£¬ÕâÑùÆäÖÐÎÄÃû³ÆººÓïÆ´ÒôÒ²ÊÇÒÔ WWW ¿ªÊ¼¡£ÍòάÍøÕâÒ»Ãû³ÆºóÀ´±»¹ã·º²ÉÓᣠÔŲ́Í壬¡°È«ÇòÙYÓ?¾W¡±ÕâÒ»Ãû³ÆÔòÊDZȽÏÖ±½ÓµÄÒâÒë¡£ ¹¤×÷ÔÀí µ±ÄãÏë½øÈëÍòάÍøÉÏÒ»¸öÍøÒ³, »òÕßÆäËûÍøÂç×ÊÔ´µÄʱºò£¬Í¨³£ÄãÒªÊ×ÏÈÔÚÄãµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷ÉϼüÈëÄãÏë·ÃÎÊÍøÒ³µÄͳһ×ÊÔ´¶¨Î»·û£¨Uniform Resource Locator)£¬»òÕßͨ¹ý³¬Á´½Ó·½Ê½Á´½Óµ½ÄǸöÍøÒ³»òÍøÂç×ÊÔ´¡£ÕâÖ®ºóµÄ¹¤×÷Ê×ÏÈÊÇURLµÄ·þÎñÆ÷Ãû²¿·Ö£¬±»ÃûΪÓòÃûϵͳµÄ·Ö²¼ÓÚÈ«ÇòµÄÒòÌØÍøÊý¾Ý¿â½âÎö£¬²¢¸ù¾Ý½âÎö½á¹û¾ö¶¨½øÈëÄÄÒ»¸öIPµØÖ·(IP address)¡£ ½ÓÏÂÀ´µÄ²½ÖèÊÇΪËùÒª·ÃÎʵÄÍøÒ³£¬ÏòÔÚÄǸöIPµØÖ·¹¤×÷µÄ·þÎñÆ÷·¢ËÍÒ»¸öHTTPÇëÇó¡£ÔÚͨ³£Çé¿öÏ£¬HTMLÎı¾¡¢Í¼Æ¬ºÍ¹¹³É¸ÃÍøÒ³µÄÒ»ÇÐÆäËûÎļþºÜ¿ì»á±»ÖðÒ»ÇëÇó²¢·¢ËÍ»ØÓû§¡£ ÍøÂçä¯ÀÀÆ÷½ÓÏÂÀ´µÄ¹¤×÷ÊÇ°ÑHTML¡¢CSSºÍÆäËû½ÓÊܵ½µÄÎļþËùÃèÊöµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬¼ÓÉÏͼÏñ¡¢Á´½ÓºÍÆäËû±ØÐëµÄ×ÊÔ´£¬ÏÔʾ¸øÓû§¡£ÕâЩ¾Í¹¹³ÉÁËÄãËù¿´µ½µÄ¡°ÍøÒ³¡±¡£ ´ó¶àÊýµÄÍøÒ³×ÔÉí°üº¬Óг¬Á´½ÓÖ¸ÏòÆäËûÏà¹ØÍøÒ³£¬¿ÉÄÜ»¹ÓÐÏÂÔØ¡¢Ô´ÎÄÏס¢¶¨ÒåºÍÆäËûÍøÂç×ÊÔ´¡£ÏñÕâÑùͨ¹ý³¬Á´½Ó£¬°ÑÓÐÓõÄÏà¹Ø×ÊÔ´×éÖ¯ÔÚÒ»ÆðµÄ¼¯ºÏ£¬¾ÍÐγÉÁËÒ»¸öËùνµÄÐÅÏ¢µÄ¡°Íø¡±¡£Õâ¸öÍøÔÚÒòÌØÍøÉϱ»·½±ãʹÓ㬾͹¹³ÉÁË×îÔçÔÚ1990Äê´ú³õµÙÄ·¡¤²®ÄÉ˹-ÀîËù˵µÄÍòάÍø¡£[1] [2]¡£ ÆðÔ´ ¿ÉÒԲο¼ÒòÌØÍø Õą̂µÙÄ·¡¤²®ÄÉ˹-ÀîÔÚÅ·ÖÞºË×ÓÑо¿×éÖ¯µÄNeXTcube»úÆ÷³ÉÁËÊÀ½çÉϵÚһ̨ÍøÒ³·þÎñÆ÷ ×îÔçµÄÍøÂç¹¹Ïë¿ÉÒÔ×·Ëݵ½Ò£Ô¶µÄ1980ÄêµÙÄ·¡¤²®ÄÉ˹-Àî¹¹½¨µÄENQUIREÏîÄ¿¡£ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öÀàËÆά»ù°Ù¿ÆµÄ³¬Îı¾ÔÚÏß±à¼Êý¾Ý¿â¡£¾¡¹ÜÕâÓëÎÒÃÇÏÖÔÚʹÓõÄÍòάÍø´ó²»Ïàͬ£¬µ«ÊÇËüÃÇÓÐÐí¶àÏàͬµÄºËÐÄ˼Ï룬ÉõÖÁ»¹°üÀ¨Ò»Ð©²®ÄÉ˹£ÀîµÄÍòάÍøÖ®ºóµÄÏÂÒ»¸öÏîÄ¿ÓïÒåÍøÖеĹ¹Ïë¡£ 1989Äê3Ô£¬²®ÄÉ˹£Àî׫дÁË¡¶¹ØÓÚÐÅÏ¢»¯¹ÜÀíµÄ½¨Òé¡·Ò»ÎÄ£¬ÎÄÖÐÌá¼° ENQUIRE ²¢ÇÒÃèÊöÁËÒ»¸ö¸ü¼Ó¾«ÇɵĹÜÀíÄ£ÐÍ¡£[3]1990Äê11ÔÂ12ÈÕËûºÍÂÞ²®ÌØ¡¤¿¨Àï°Â£¨Robert Cailliau£©ºÏ×÷Ìá³öÁËÒ»¸ö¸ü¼ÓÕýʽµÄ¹ØÓÚÍòάÍøµÄ½¨Òé¡£[4]¡£ÔÚ1990Äê11ÔÂ13ÈÕËûÔÚһ̨NeXT¹¤×÷Õ¾ÉÏдÁ˵ÚÒ»¸öÍøÒ³ÒÔʵÏÖËûÎÄÖеÄÏë·¨¡£[5] ÔÚÄÇÄêµÄÊ¥µ®¼ÙÆÚ£¬²®ÄÉ˹£ÀîÖÆ×÷ÁËÒªÒ»¸öÍøÂ繤×÷Ëù±ØÐëµÄËùÓй¤¾ß[6]£ºµÚÒ»¸öÍòάÍøä¯ÀÀÆ÷£¨Í¬Ê±Ò²ÊDZà¼Æ÷£©ºÍµÚÒ»¸öÍøÒ³·þÎñÆ÷¡£ 1991Äê8ÔÂ6ÈÕ£¬ËûÔÚalt.hypertextÐÂÎÅ×éÉÏÌùÁËÍòάÍøÏîÄ¿¼ò½éµÄÎÄÕ¡£ÕâÒ»ÌìÒ²±êÖ¾×ÅÒòÌØÍøÉÏÍòάÍø¹«¹²·þÎñµÄÊ×´ÎÁÁÏà¡£ ÍòάÍøÖÐÖÁ¹ØÖØÒªµÄ¸ÅÄÎı¾ÆðÔ´ÓÚ1960Äê´úµÄ¼¸¸ö´ÓÇ°µÄÏîÄ¿¡£Æ©ÈçÌ©µÂ¡¤Äá¶ûÉ£¨Ted Nelson£©µÄÏÉÄǶ¼ÏîÄ¿£¨Project Xanadu£©ºÍµÀ¸ñÀ˹¡¤Ó¢¸ñ°ÍÌØ£¨Douglas Engelbart£©µÄNLS¡£¶øÕâÁ½¸öÏîÄ¿µÄÁé¸Ð¶¼ÊÇÀ´Ô´ÓÚÍòÄáÍ߶û¡¤²¼Ê²ÔÚÆä1945ÄêµÄÂÛÎÄ¡¶ºÍÎÒÃÇÏëµÃÒ»Ñù¡·ÖÐΪ΢Ëõ½ºÆ¬Éè¼ÆµÄ¡°¼ÇÒäÑÓÉ족£¨memex£©ÏµÍ³¡£ µÙÄ·¡¤²®ÄÉ˹-ÀîµÄÁíÒ»¸ö²Å»ªºáÒçµÄÍ»ÆÆÊǽ«³¬Îı¾¼Þ½Óµ½ÒòÌØÍøÉÏ¡£ÔÚËûµÄÊ顶±àÖ¯ÍøÂç¡·ÖУ¬Ëû½âÊÍ˵ËûÔøÒ»ÔÙÏòÕâÁ½ÖÖ¼¼ÊõµÄʹÓÃÕßÃǽ¨ÒéËüÃǵĽáºÏÊÇ¿ÉÐеģ¬µ«ÊÇȴûÓÐÈκÎÈËÏìÓ¦ËûµÄ½¨Ò飬Ëû×îºóÖ»ºÃ×Ô¼º½â¾öÁËÕâ¸ö¼Æ»®¡£Ëû·¢Ã÷ÁËÒ»¸öÈ«ÇòÍøÂç×ÊԴΨһÈÏÖ¤µÄϵͳ£ºÍ³Ò»×ÊÔ´±êʶ·û¡£ ÍòάÍøºÍÆäËû³¬Îı¾ÏµÍ³Óкܶ಻֮ͬ´¦£º ÍòάÍøÉÏÐèÒªµ¥ÏîÁ¬½Ó¶ø²»ÊÇË«ÏòÁ¬½Ó£¬ÕâʹµÃÈκÎÈË¿ÉÒÔÔÚ×ÊÔ´ÓµÓÐÕß²»×÷ÈκÎÐж¯Çé¿öÏÂÁ´½Ó¸Ã×ÊÔ´¡£ºÍÔçÆÚµÄÍøÂçϵͳÏà±È£¬ÕâÒ»µã¶ÔÓÚ¼õÉÙʵÏÖÍøÂç·þÎñÆ÷ºÍÍøÂçä¯ÀÀÆ÷µÄÀ§ÄÑÖÁ¹ØÖØÒª£¬µ«ËüµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊDzúÉúÁË»µÁ´µÄÂýÐÔÎÊÌâ¡£ ÍòάÍø²»ÏñijЩӦÓÃÈí¼þÈçHyperCard£¬Ëü²»ÊÇ˽Óеģ¬ÕâʹµÃ·þÎñÆ÷ºÍ¿Í»§¶ËÄܹ»¶ÀÁ¢µØ·¢Õ¹ºÍÀ©Õ¹£¬¶ø²»ÊÜÐí¿ÉÏÞÖÆ¡£ 1993Äê4ÔÂ30ÈÕ£¬Å·ÖÞºË×ÓÑо¿×éÖ¯Ðû²¼ÍòάÍø¶ÔÈκÎÈËÃâ·Ñ¿ª·Å£¬²¢²»ÊÕÈ¡ÈκηÑÓá£Á½¸öÔÂÖ®ºóGopherÐû²¼²»ÔÙÃâ·Ñ£¬Ôì³É´óÁ¿Óû§´ÓGopherתÏòÍòάÍø¡£ ÍòάÍøÁªÃË£¨World Wide Web Consortium£¬¼ò³ÆW3C£©£¬ÓÖ³ÆW3CÀíÊ»ᡣ1994Äê10ÔÂÔÚÂéÊ¡Àí¹¤Ñ§Ôº¼ÆËã»ú¿ÆѧʵÑéÊÒ³ÉÁ¢¡£½¨Á¢ÕßÊÇÍòάÍøµÄ·¢Ã÷ÕßµÙÄ·¡¤²®ÄÉ˹-Àî¡£ ÍòάÍø±ê×¼ ÍòάÍøµÄºËÐIJ¿·ÖÊÇÓÉÈý¸ö±ê×¼¹¹³ÉµÄ£º ͳһ×ÊÔ´±êʶ·û£¨URI£©£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öÊÀ½çͨÓõĸºÔð¸øÍòάÍøÉÏÀýÈçÍøÒ³ÕâÑùµÄ×ÊÔ´¶¨Î»µÄϵͳ¡£ ³¬Îı¾´«ËÍÐÒ飨HTTP£©£¬Ëü¸ºÔð¹æ¶¨ä¯ÀÀÆ÷ºÍ·þÎñÆ÷ÔõÑù»¥ÏཻÁ÷¡£ ³¬Îı¾±ê¼ÇÓïÑÔ£¨HTML£©£¬×÷ÓÃÊǶ¨Ò峬Îı¾ÎĵµµÄ½á¹¹ºÍ¸ñʽ¡£ µÙÄ·¡¤²®ÄÉ˹-ÀîÏÖÔÚÊÇÍòάÍøÁªÃË(W3C)µÄÁìµ¼ÈË£¬Õâ¸ö×éÖ¯µÄ×÷ÓÃÊÇʹ¼ÆËã»úÄܹ»ÔÚÍòάÍøÉϲ»Í¬ÐÎʽµÄÐÅÏ¢¼ä¸üÓÐЧµÄ´¢´æºÍͨÐÅ¡£ JavaÓïÑÔºÍJavas criptÓïÑÔ ÍòάÍøÔÚ¼¼ÊõÉϵÄÁíÒ»¸öÏÔÖø½ø²½ÊÇÉýÑô¹«Ë¾µÄJava±à³ÌÓïÑÔ¡£Ëü×î³õµÄ×÷ÓÃÊÇʹµÃÍøÂç·þÎñÆ÷¿ÉÒÔÔÚ´«¸ø¿Í»§¶ËµÄÐÅÏ¢ÖÐÖ±½ÓǶÈë½ÐappletµÄС³ÌÐò£¬ÕâЩС³ÌÐò¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔÚÖÕ¶ËÓû§µÄ¼ÆËã»úÉÏʹÓ㬿ÉÒÔÁîÓû§»¥¶¯¸ü¿ì¸ü·á¸»¡£ºóÀ´£¬JavaÓïÑÔÖð½¥·¢Õ¹³ÉÒ»ÖÖÔÚ·þÎñÆ÷¶ËÉú³É¸´Ôӵļ´Ê±ÄÚÈݵŤ¾ß¡£ Javas criptÊÇÒ»ÖÖ´¦ÀíÍøÒ³µÄ½Å±¾ÓïÑÔ¡£Æä±ê×¼°æ±¾ÊÇECMAs cript£¬ÓÉÍø¾°Í¨Ñ¶¹«Ë¾Ìá½»¸øÅ·ÖÞ±ê׼лáÖƶ©¡£¾¡¹ÜËüµÄÃû×ÖºÍJavaÀàËÆ£¬µ«ÊÇËüÊÇÓÉÍø¾°¹«Ë¾¿ª·¢µÄ¶ø²»ÊÇÓÉÉýÑô¹«Ë¾¿ª·¢µÄ£¬³ýÁËÁ½ÕßµÄÓï·¨¶¼ÊÇ´ÓCÓïÑÔ·¢Õ¹¶øÀ´ÕâÒ»µãÍ⣬ËüÃÇÖ®¼ä¼¸ºõûÓÐʲô¹Øϵ¡£Ö®ËùÒÔ½ÐJavas cript£¬Ö»Êǵ±Ê±Netscape¹«Ë¾Ï£ÍûÄܽèÖúJavaµÄÃûÆøÍƹãËü¡£ºÍJavaÒ»Ñù£¬Javas criptÀàËÆC++ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÃæÏò¶ÔÏóµÄÓïÑÔ£¬ÓëJava²»Í¬µ«ºÍC++ÏàͬµÄÊÇËüÔÊÐí»ìºÏ´úÂ룬¼´ÃæÏò¶ÔÏóµÄºÍ»ùÓÚ¹ý³ÌµÄ´úÂë¿ÉÒÔͬʱ´æÔÚ¡£ÓÉÓÚÍøÒ³ä¯ÀÀÆ÷ÖУ¬Javas criptÓëÎĵµ¶ÔÏóÄ£ÐÍ£¨Document Object Model£©½ôÃܽáºÏ£¬Äܹ»ºÜºÃµØ´¦ÀíÍøÒ³£¬Ê¹µÃËü±ÈËüµÄ×÷ÕßÔ±¾Ô¤ÆÚµÄÒªÓÐÓõöࡣËüµÄÓÃ;¿ÉÒÔÓÃÊõÓïDHTML£¨¶¯Ì¬HTML£©±í´ï£¬ÒÔÇ¿µ÷ËüºÍ¾²Ì¬HTMLÍøÒ³µÄÇø±ð¡£ Éç»áÓ°Ïì ½ñÌ죬ÍòάÍøʹµÃÈ«ÊÀ½çµÄÈËÃÇÒÔÊ·ÎÞÇ°ÀýµÄ¾Þ´ó¹æÄ£Ï໥½»Á÷¡£Ïà¾àÒ£Ô¶µÄÈËÃÇ£¬ÉõÖÁÊDz»Í¬Äê´úµÄÈËÃÇ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÍøÂç·¢Õ¹Ç×ÃܵĹØϵ»òÕßʹ±Ë´Ë˼Ïë¾³½çµÃµ½Éý»ª£¬ÉõÖÁ¸Ä±äËûÃǶԴýСʵÄ̬¶ÈÒÔ¼°¾«Éñ¡£Çé¸Ð¾Àú¡¢ÕþÖι۵㡢ÎÄ»¯Ï°¹ß¡¢±í´ï·½Ê½¡¢ÉÌÒµ½¨Òé¡¢ÒÕÊõ¡¢ÉãÓ°¡¢ÎÄѧ¶¼¿ÉÒÔÒÔÈËÀàÀúÊ·ÉÏ´ÓÀ´Ã»ÓйýµÄµÍͶÈëʵÏÖÊý¾Ý¹²Ïí¡£¾¡¹ÜʹÓÃÍòάÍøÈÔȻҪÒÀ¿¿ÓÚ´æÔÚ×ÔÉíȱÏݵÄÎﻯµÄ¹¤¾ß£¬µ«ÖÁÉÙËüµÄÐÅÏ¢±£´æ·½Ê½²»ÊÇʹÓÃÈËÃÇÊìϤµÄ·½Ê½ÈçͼÊé¹Ý¡¢³ö°æÎïÄÇÑùʵÔڵĶ«Î÷¡£Òò´ËÐÅÏ¢´«²¥ÊǾÓÉÍòάÍøºÍÓ¢ÌØÍøÀ´ÊµÏÖ£¬¶øÎÞÐë±»°áÔ˾ßÌåµÄÊé¾í£¬»òÕßÊÖ¹¤µÄ»òʵÎïµÄ¸´ÖƶøÏÞÖÆ¡£¶øÇÒÊý×Ö´¢´æ·½Ê½µÄÓŵãÊÇ£¬Äã¿ÉÒԱȲéÔÄͼÊé¹Ý»òÕßʵÔÚµÄÊé¼®¸üÈÝÒ×ÓÐЧÂʵزéѯÍøÂçÉϵÄÐÅÏ¢×ÊÔ´¡£¶øÇÒÄã¿ÉÒÔ±Èͨ¹ýʱعªÇ×µØÈ¥ÕÒ£¬»òͨ¹ýÓʼþ¡¢µç»°¡¢µç±¨»òÕßÆäËûͨѶ·½Ê½À´ÕÒ£¬¸ü¼Ó¿ìËٵػñµÃÐÅÏ¢¡£ ÍòάÍøÊÇÈËÀàÀúÊ·ÉÏ×îÉîÔ¶¡¢×î¹ã·ºµÄ´«²¥Ã½½é¡£Ëü¿ÉÒÔʹËüµÄÓû§¿ÉÒԺͷÖÉ¢ÓÚÕâ¸öÐÐÐÇÉϲ»Í¬Ê±¿ÕµÄÆäËûÈËȺÏ໥ÁªÏµ£¬ÆäÈËÊýÔ¶Ô¶³¬¹ýͨ¹ý¾ßÌå½Ó´¥»òÆäËûËùÓÐÒѾ´æÔÚµÄͨѶý½éµÄ×ܺÍËùÄÜ´ïµ½µÄÊýÄ¿¡£ ÓÉÓÚÍòάÍøÊÇÈ«ÊÀ½çÐԵģ¬ÓÐЩÈËÈÏΪËü½«ÅàÑøÈËÃÇÈ«Çò·¶Î§µÄÏ໥Àí½â¡£ÍòάÍø¿ÉÄÜÅàÓýÈËÃǵÄÏ໥ͬÇéºÍºÏ×÷£¬µ«ÊÇÒ²ÓпÉÄÜÉ¿¶¯È«Çò·¶Î§µÄµÐÒ⣬ÉõÖÁ¸øÄÇЩÉÆÓÚÉ¿¶¯ÈËÃÇÆ«¼¤ÇéÐ÷µÄÕþ¿ÍºÍѹÖÆÈËÃñµÄÕþȨÒÔÈËÀàÀúÊ·ÉÏ´ÓδÓйýµÄÇ¿´óÁ¦Á¿¡£ ·¢²¼ÍøÒ³ ÍøÂç¶ÀÁ¢ÓÚ´óÖÚ´«Ã½¶ø±»´ó¼ÒʹÓá£Èç¹ûÄãÒª·¢²¼Ò»¸öÍøÒ³£¬Äã²»ÐèҪȥ°Ý·Ã³ö°æÉÌ»òÕßÈκÎÆäËû´«Ã½»ú¹¹£¬¶øÇÒÄãDZÔڵĶÁÕß¿ÉÄܱ鲼ÓÚÊÀ½ç¸÷µØ¡£ Ó봫ͳÊé¼®ÎÄÏײ»Í¬£¬³¬Îı¾Ã»ÓÐÒ»¸öÏßÐÔµÄ˳Ðò´ÓÍ·µ½Î²¡£Ëü²»ÄÜ·Ö½â³ÉÕ£¬½Ú£¬¶ÎµÈ²ã´Î¡£ ÏÖÔÚÔÚÍòάÍøÉÏ¿ÉÒÔÑ°ÕÒµ½²»Í¬ÖÖÀàµÄÐÅÏ¢£¬ÄãÏëÁ˽âÆäËûµÄ¹ú¼ÒÒÔ¼°ÄÇÀïµÄ·çÍÁÈËÇé±äµÃÊ®·ÖÈÝÒס£µ±ÄãÔÚÍâ¹ú»òÕßÒ»¸öƫƧµÄСÕòÂÃÓεÄʱºò£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÍøÂçÕÒµ½¹ØÓÚÕâ¸öµØ·½µÄÐÅÏ¢£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÈç¹ûÊÇÔÚÒ»¸ö·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒµÄ»°¡£µ±µØµÄ±¨Ö½£¬¹Ù·½³ö°æÎïºÍÆäËû×ÊÁ϶¼¿ÉÒԷdz£ÈÝÒ×ÕÒµ½£¬Òò´Ë£¬»¨Ò»ÑùµÄŬÁ¦Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÍøÂçÕÒµ½¸ü¶àÖÖÀàµÄÏà¹Ø×ÊѶ¡£ ¾¡¹ÜÓÐЩվµãÓжàÖÖÓïÑԵİ汾£¬µ«ÊǴ󲿷ÖÕ¾µãÖ»Óе±µØÓïÑÔ°æ±¾¡£¶øÇÒ£¬²»ÊÇËùÓеÄÈí¼þ¶¼ÄܺܺõØÖ§³ÖËùÓеÄÌØÊâ×Ö·ûºÍÄÇЩ´ÓÓÒÏò×óдµÄÓïÑÔ£¨Èç°¢À²®Óï»òÏ£²®À´Ó¡£ÕâЩÒòËØʹµÃ¹ØÓÚÍòάÍøʹµÃµØÇòÈÚΪµØÇò´åµÄ¹ÛµãÊܵ½ÌôÕ½¡£ Ëæ×Å´óÁ¿µÄÃâ·ÑÍøÂçÖ÷Ò³·þÎñÆ÷µÄ³öÏÖ£¬Ó¿ÏÖ³öÁËÎÞÊýµÄ¸öÈËÖ÷Ò³ÒÔ¼°¼ÒÍ¥Ö÷Ò³£¬Ð¡É̵êµÄÖ÷Ò³µÈµÈ£¬ÔÚÍøÂçÉÏ·¢²¼×ÊÁÏÏÔ¶øÒ×¼ûµØÔ½À´Ô½ÈÝÒס£ ͳ¼Æ ¾Ý2001ÄêÒ»·ÝÑо¿[7]±íÃ÷£¬»¥ÁªÍøÉÏÓг¬¹ý5500ÒÚ·ÝÎĵµ£¬´ó¶àÊýÎļþÔÚ²»¿É¼ûµÄ¡°Éî²ãÍøÂ硱¡£2002ÄêÒ»·Ýͨ¹ý20ÒÚ2ǧ4°ÙÍòÍøÒ³µ÷²é[8]±íÃ÷ÖÁ½ñ´ó¶àÊýµÄÍøÒ³ÄÚÈÝÊÇÓÃÓ¢Óïд³ÉµÄ£¬Îª56.4%£»Ö®ºóÊǵÂÓ7.7%£©£¬·¨Ó5.6%£©ºÍÈÕÓ4.9%£©¡£µ«ÊÇÖÐÎÄÕ¾µãµÄÔö³¤Ò²ºÜ¿ì¡£Ò»·Ý×î½üµÄÑо¿[9] ͨ¹ýÔÚ75ÖÖÓïÑÔµÄÍøÂçµ÷²éÈ¡Ñù±íÃ÷£¬µ½2005Äê1ÔÂΪֹ£¬Óг¬¹ý115ÒÚ¸öÍøÒ³ÔÚ¹«¹²Ë÷ÒýÒ³ÃæÖС£ ËÙ¶ÈÎÊÌâ ÓÉÓÚÒòÌØÍøµÄ»ù´¡½á¹¹µÄȱÏÝ£¬Ôì³ÉµÄ¶ÂÈûÎÊÌâºÍÏÔÏÖΪä¯ÀÀËٶȵļõÂýµÄÑÓ³Ù£¬¾³£ÈÃÈ˺ܷ³¡£½á¹ûÊÇÓÐÈËÒª¸øÍòάÍø¸Ä³É World Wide Wait£¨È«ÇòµÈ£©¡£ÀûÓõã¶Ôµã¼¼ÊõºÍ·þÎñÖÊÁ¿À´Ìá¸ßÒòÌØÍøµÄËٶȵÄÌÖÂÛÒ»Ö±ÔÚ½øÐС£ÆäËû½â¾ö·½°¸Ò²¿ÉÒÔÔÚW3CµÄÍøÕ¾ÉÏÕÒµ½¡£ ѧÊõ»áÒé ºÍWWWÓйصÄÖ÷ҪѧÊõ»áÒéΪIW3C2. ·¢ÆðµÄÍòάÍøϵÁлáÒé¡£ÕâÊÇÓйØÕâһϵÁлáÒéµÄÁ´½Ó ±ê×¼ ÒÔÏÂÊÇһЩÓйØÓÚÍòάÍøµÄһЩ±ê×¼£º ͳһ×ÊÔ´¶¨Î»·û(URL) RFC 1738, URL Specification (updated by RFC 3986 "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax" in January 2005) ³¬Îı¾±êÖ¾ÓïÑÔ(HTML) Internet Draft, HTML version 1 RFC 1866, HTML version 2.0 HTML 3.2 Reference Specification HTML 4.01 Specification Extensible HTML (XHTML) Specification HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) RFC 2068, HTTP version 1.1 RFC 2616, HTTP version 1.1 (updated)BZDURY