Contents

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Evolution of Mobile Networks 2

1.1.1 Evolved Second Generation Systems 2

1.1.2 Third Generation Systems 7

1.1.3 Wireless Local Area Networks 13

1.1.4 Ad Hoc Networks and Wireless Personal Area Networks 14

1.2 Vision 15

1.3 Preview of the Book 18

References 20

2 Multiple Access Protocols 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.1.1 Desired Properties 29

2.2 Classification of MAPs 30

2.3 Random Access Protocols 31

2.3.1 p-ALOHA 31

2.3.2 Slotted-ALOHA 33

vii

2.3.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access 33

2.3.4 Inhibit Sense Multiple Access 36

2.3.5 Capture Effect 36

2.4 Contentionless MAPs 39

2.4.1 Fixed-Based Assignment Protocols 39

2.4.2 Demand-Based Assignment Protocols 43

2.5 CDMA Protocols 46

2.5.1 DS-CDMA 47

2.5.2 TDMA and CDMA 53

2.5.3 Multicarrier CDMA 57

2.6 MAPs for Wireless Multimedia Communications 65

2.6.1 Dynamic Packet Reservation Multiple Access 65

2.6.2 Centralized-PRMA 66

2.6.3 Multidimensional PRMA with Prioritized

Bayesian Broadcast 68

2.6.4 CDMA-Oriented MAC 69

2.6.5 Trends in MAPs Design 72

References 74

3 IP Network Issues 81

3.1 Introduction 81

3.2 Mobility Management 82

3.2.1 Mobility Classes 82

3.2.2 Architectures for Mobility Supporting 83

3.3 Mobile IP 84

3.3.1 Mobile IPv4 85

3.4 IP Routing 91

3.4.1 Distance Vector Protocols 92

3.4.2 Link State Protocols 92

3.4.3 Routing in Ad Hoc Networks 93

3.4.4 Route Optimization in Mobile IP 94

3.5 IP QoS 96

3.5.1 IntServ and RSVP 96

3.5.2 DiffServ 98

viii Technology Trends in Wireless Communications

3.5.3 MPLS 98

3.5.4 QoS in Mobile IP 100

3.5.5 IP QoS Among Heterogeneous Networks 106

3.6 Security Issues 109

3.6.1 IPSec 110

3.6.2 AAA 111

3.6.3 Security Issues in Mobile IP 111

3.7 Evolution of Mobile IP 120

3.7.1 Mobile IPv6 121

3.7.2 Macro/Micromobility Extensions to Mobile IP 123

3.7.3 RSVP Support for Mobile IP Version 6 128

3.8 Conclusions 128

References 131

4 TCP over Wireless Links 135

4.1 Introduction 135

4.2 Standard TCP/IP Protocol 136

4.2.1 Sliding Window Mechanism 136

4.2.2 End-to-End Flow and Congestion Control 138

4.2.3 Implications of Large Bandwidth-Delay Product 140

4.2.4 Implications of Link with Errors and Mobility 141

4.3 TCP Enhancements 142

4.3.1 Summary of Recommendations 142

4.3.2 Splitting TCP 145

4.3.3 Snooping TCP 147

4.4 Data Link Layer Approach 148

4.4.1 Data Link Layer ARQ Protocols 149

4.5 New Trends in the Wireless Networks Design 153

4.5.1 Improved Link Layer Schemes 155

4.6 Conclusions 157

References 157

5 Adaptive Technologies 163

5.1 Introduction 163

Contents ix

5.1.1 Diversity and Adaptation Techniques 164

5.1.2 Modulation and Channel Coding 166

5.2 Adaptive Modulation 170

5.2.1 Modulation Parameter Selection 170

5.2.2 Channel Prediction 174

5.2.3 Modulation Parameter Estimation at the Receiver 175

5.2.4 Coding in Adaptive Modulation Schemes 175

5.3 Adaptive Error Control 176

5.3.1 Adaptive FEC 176

5.3.2 Hybrid ARQ 177

5.3.3 Adaptive ARQ 181

5.4 Multilayer Adaptivity 184

5.5 Hardware and Software Implementations 186

5.6 Conclusions 187

References 188

6 Radio Resource Management for Wireless

Multimedia Communications 195

6.1 Introduction 195

6.1.1 QoS Requirements 196

6.2 General Formulation of the RRM Problem 198

6.3 Radio Resource Management in GPRS 199

6.4 RRM in UMTS 202

6.5 RRM in Future Wireless Systems 212

6.6 Conclusions 215

References 215

7 Real-Time Services 219

7.1 Introduction 219

7.2 Packet Networks for Real-Time Services 220

7.2.1 Multiresolution Decomposition 222

7.2.2 Unequal Error Protection 222

7.3 Video Compression Techniques 223

x Technology Trends in Wireless Communications

7.3.1 Performance Metrics 224

7.3.2 Quantization 226

7.3.3 Redundancy Removal 226

7.3.4 Lossless Encoding 232

7.4 Video Streaming 232

7.4.1 Standards for Video Streaming 233

7.4.2 Scalability 237

7.4.3 Applications-Layer QoS Mechanisms 238

7.4.4 Joint Source/Channel Coding 240

7.5 VoIP 241

7.6 Conclusions 242

References 242

8 Personal Area Networks 249

8.1 Introduction 249

8.2 PAN Concept 250

8.2.1 PAN Architecture 250

8.2.2 Applications Scenarios and Service Requirements 252

8.2.3 Possible Devices 253

8.3 State of the Art 254

8.3.1 Standardization Process 255

8.4 Technical Challenges of Future PANs 255

8.4.1 UWB for WPAN 256

8.4.2 Power Efficiency 257

8.4.3 Service Discovery/Selection 259

8.4.4 Security 260

8.4.5 Ad Hoc Networking 260

8.4.6 Coexistence and Interference-Reduction Techniques 261

8.5 Broadband PAN 263

8.6 Conclusions 263

References 264

9 Future Vision 269

9.1 Introduction 269

Contents xi

9.1.1 User-Centric Scenario 269

9.2 Scientific Approach 271

9.3 Adaptive and Scalable Air Interfaces 271

9.4 Reconfigurable Ambient Networks 272

9.5 Optical Network Technologies 276

9.6 Multimedia User Interfaces and Context-Aware

Technologies 278

9.7 Flexible Platforms 279

9.8 Conclusions 280

References 280

List of Acronyms 283

About the Authors 293