2010-6-2 08:39
kevin516
【LTE书籍】LTE from A-Z
【资料名称】：难得的367页电子书LTE from A-Z.H @1i5[ In
【资料作者】：INACON
【资料日期】：2009:Wf'^6pm`i
【资料语言】：英文o @\:Z0@W-|2RN
【资料格式】：PDF)J'R;Z7N7H |+s9v
【资料目录和简介】：
著名培训机构的LTE培训教材。 深入浅出，从基本概念到深入描述。是一份比较全面的教材。全文367页。有料有内容。是一份难得的教材。一共四个部分，一起解压。
bq7r4{ qH/Qzsc
Table of Content){J+f fzDh R
Principles and Motivation of LTE............................................1'Ds5Vd!HE
1.1 Mobile Radio: Comparison between 3G and 4G..................2A8lZQF M3jM-o v K1A)I
1.1.1 Performance and Mobility Management related Issues..............2 Hi6\kj9|k
1.1.2 Architecture related Issues..........................................................41Q'S/lx"ww DH)o
1.1.3 Procedure and Radio related Issues...........................................6
1.2 Requirements on LTE............................................................8| ] r @@Xb y3w?
1.2.1 General Requirements................................................................8
1.2.2 Important Characteristics of LTE Physical Layer.......................120V?ct&J].~/x
1.2.2.1 General Physical Layer Characteristics.........................................123XS |zJ? u-q
1.2.2.1.1 OFDM ..................................................................................12*|:r+b1h(J]
1.2.2.1.2 Scalable Bandwidth..............................................................13 RF5C b/L d o#Sz
1.2.2.1.3 Smart Antenna Technology..................................................14 z4M Y ^x
1.2.2.1.4 Fast scheduling and AMC.....................................................14D}8T@y
1.2.2.1.5 No Soft(er) handover............................................................14E h @n8}x
1.2.3.2 OFDM/OFDMA..............................................................................167m2sX i3Us6P*l1eN T
1.2.3.2.1 Traditional narrowband communication................................16
1.2.3.2.2 Problems for wideband signals.............................................17O/L K'JWZX
1.2.3.2.3 OFDM...................................................................................17I R S)z _:P5T k
1.2.3.2.4 OFDM and OFDMA..............................................................17;T `$q+mE Cd
1.2.3.2.5 LTE and OFDM.....................................................................17 XP z [u)uR
1.2.3.3 Smart Antenna Technology in LTE................................................186_ gI#DQ{)@
1.2.3.3.1 Categorization of Smart Antenna Technologies...................18
1.2.3.3.1.1 SISO.............................................................................18`&Q5ge'L&d
1.2.3.3.1.2 SIMO............................................................................18P ?5bbKh6|K
1.2.3.3.1.3 MISO............................................................................19
1.2.3.3.1.4 MIMO...........................................................................19
1.2.3.3.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)..................................201B;k}8w ]4dN
1.2.3.3.2.1 Multiple carrier technology...........................................21X UQ e;O
1.2.3.3.2.2 MIMO...........................................................................21
1.2.3.3.3 Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS)........................................22
1.2.3.4 Macro Diversity exploitation by SFN..............................................24
1.2.3.4.1 Requirements for MBMS services........................................24
1.2.3.4.2 MBMS operation with a SFN.................................................243Vg1O(lV W*W)f
1.2.3.4.3 SFN for point to point services..............................................25
1.2.3.5 The Frequency Bands Intended for LTE.......................................26 c9\@&dN3G&~F O#Pz X
1.2.3.6 Flexible Bandwidths, Parameters..................................................28c3d+u#DUz2]#e
1.2.4 Important Characteristics of the LTE Layer 2 and 3..................32af+o-[ G6m8Q*?LX
1.2.4.1 Support of the new LTE L1............................................................32
1.2.4.2 Simple IP centric protocols supporting AIPN.................................32 X I/t*w ? m]&v
1.2.4.3 Support of various inter RAT handovers (GSM, UTRA, etc.)........33'[Opc9Q:v
1.3 LTE and System Architecture Evolution (SAE)..................34
1.3.1 Overview...................................................................................34 TK,G| l wNX
1.3.1.1 Missing RNC..................................................................................34
1.3.1.2 Interconnected eNB’s....................................................................35p3BG2L }(Q8}
1.3.1.3 Separate entities for user plane and control plane in the EPC......36
1.3.1.4 Combined Serving Gateway and MME.........................................36)\ X4h#i z8`,e*K-`h
1.3.1.5 Combined Serving and PDN Gateways........................................362P/Q8E8b*G].Z ~4H+L }
1.3.1.6 S1-flex...........................................................................................36 ^Gu f F XLN
1.3.1.7 Used legacy elements...................................................................36
1.3.1.8 Roaming case................................................................................36
1.3.1.9 Direct Tunnel.................................................................................36"n5G-H5SP:[
1.3.1.10 EPS, EPC, E-UTRAN & LTE, SAE..............................................36B&ss g'L
1.3.2 The eNB....................................................................................38;_ P-j]Q @0v*M6AJ
1.3.2.1 Selection of MME at attachment....................................................39 u&s&}7{F,K$A"e5R
1.3.2.2 Scheduling of paging messages....................................................39O2~!g^ Iq
1.3.2.3 Routing of user plane data to Serving GW....................................40
1.3.2.4 PDCP.............................................................................................40
1.3.2.5 RRM/RRC......................................................................................40
1.3.2.6 RLC...............................................................................................40e Z])]6TlTW
1.3.2.7 MAC...............................................................................................40U5PN Xa*Br
1.3.2.8 Complete L1 functionality..............................................................40Sc't{iI&}:]r
1.3.3 The MME...................................................................................42
1.3.3.1 NAS signalling...............................................................................42
1.3.3.2 Inter CN node signaling (3GPP networks).....................................427f V7Vs7[3rM0y
1.3.3.3 Security management....................................................................429|u#ZHV p!UY9K
1.3.4 The Serving GW........................................................................44
1.3.4.1 Termination of U-plane packets for paging reasons......................44(P[0F9q3`Y[
1.3.4.2 Support of UE mobility anchoring by switching U-plane during inter(O/rWI2J7F
eNB handover............................................................................................44 m;U&b8J}
1.3.4.3 Transport Packet Marking According to QCI.................................45l+X b"b"z+JC;? L\C
1.3.4.4 Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility....................................45
1.3.4.5 Packet routing and forwarding.......................................................45
1.3.4.6 Charging support...........................................................................45.r0G J k2eUQ(J
1.3.4.7 Lawful interception.........................................................................45 w^q9TrI,q
1.3.5 The PDN GW............................................................................46zE8}R-T8tLN2L,~
1.3.5.1 Termination towards of PDN’s.......................................................46X5LY(@(v b$L
1.3.5.2 Policy enforcement........................................................................46
1.3.5.3 Charging support...........................................................................46
1.3.5.4 DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 functions...................................................47L)r*IuHoe'K
1.3.6 Identifiers of the UE and the Network Elements........................48
1.3.6.1 PLMN ID........................................................................................50
1.3.6.2 EPS Bearer ID...............................................................................50
1.3.6.3 MMEI.............................................................................................50 oJvTxI
1.3.6.4 GUMMEI........................................................................................50
1.3.6.5 Physical Cell ID.............................................................................50
1.3.6.6 eNB/cell ID.....................................................................................50
1.3.6.7 TAI.................................................................................................50_"K!A9J*o^0G
1.3.6.8 C-RNTI..........................................................................................50U~(D L)I
1.3.6.9 RA-RNTI........................................................................................50
1.3.6.10 SI-RNTI........................................................................................50 Fk:t'`B ~?9[ jB
1.3.6.11 P-RNTI.........................................................................................50
1.3.6.12 Random Value.............................................................................50
1.3.6.13 IMSI, S-TMSI, and IMEI...............................................................52"P C.oW v hY)o4_!GY
1.3.6.14 GUTI............................................................................................52
1.3.6.15 eNB S1-AP UE ID and MME S1-AP UE ID.................................52y yBz QA:PB0l+K
1.4 The E-UTRAN Protocol Stack..............................................54c7ss ~&W.GBB@
1.4.1 Control Plane Protocol Stack....................................................54 H)uj @y ~:s
1.4.1.1 Air Interface protocols....................................................................55
1.4.1.2 NAS protocols................................................................................56
1.4.2 User Plane Protocol Stack........................................................58Aj+KPqB3G)P
1.4.2.1 Air Interface protocols....................................................................58 go4s8o p'sk(hp
1.4.2.2 S1 protocol....................................................................................58
1.4.3 X2 Interface Control Plane Protocol Stack................................60P"u9aF2?}W
1.4.4 X2 User Plane Protocol Stack...................................................62KsWH ^9nx
1.5 Overview Channels of E-UTRAN.........................................645Lcs&i e"` T3S%t)N`
1.5.1 Channel Types..........................................................................64
1.5.1.1 Logical Channels...........................................................................64v]6S8O/| TU%}$t
1.5.1.2 Transport Channels.......................................................................64
1.5.1.3 Physical Channels.........................................................................65
1.5.2 Logical Channels of E-UTRAN..................................................66n{"hz W g$e`2B,h4A
1.5.2.1 BCCH............................................................................................66 tLz%\M"W K `1a
1.5.2.2 PCCH............................................................................................66
1.5.2.3 CCCH............................................................................................66
1.5.2.4 MCCH............................................................................................66
1.5.2.5 DCCH............................................................................................67H&Elvu^ K
1.5.2.6 DTCH.............................................................................................67"W~ nW/Fg
1.5.2.7 MTCH............................................................................................67
1.5.3 Transport Channels of E-UTRAN..............................................68p(U5tMp ZX$G
1.5.3.1 RACH............................................................................................68
1.5.3.2 UL-SCH.........................................................................................68
1.5.3.3 BCH...............................................................................................68
1.5.3.4 PCH...............................................................................................68-@3SV m US
1.5.3.5 MCH..............................................................................................69&s9c&{k Ewq-IKd5C
1.5.3.6 DL-SCH.........................................................................................69 lC!d\5r
1.5.4 Physical Channels of E-UTRAN................................................70
1.5.4.1 PBCH.............................................................................................70
1.5.4.2 PDCCH..........................................................................................70&P8P z6m)t
1.5.4.3 PCFICH.........................................................................................71+ZC w5cZG
1.5.4.4 PUCCH..........................................................................................71;Hf\ md`V
1.5.4.5 PRACH..........................................................................................715CG a0v!ox _
1.5.4.6 PHICH...........................................................................................72
1.5.4.7 PDSCH..........................................................................................72
1.5.4.8 PMCH............................................................................................72(l&R ]&W*H|s
1.5.4.9 PUSCH..........................................................................................72
1.5.4.10 Downlink reference signal...........................................................72
1.5.4.11 Primary and secondary synchronization signal...........................720r7P5^&K c0N5xq!t Td,v t3O
1.5.4.12 Uplink reference signal or UL pilot symbol..................................72
1.5.4.13 Uplink sounding signal.................................................................72
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1.5.4.14 Random Access Preamble..........................................................725r-L:[2FJ"R7p5nQ l8^
1.5.5 Mapping of Channels in E-UTRAN............................................74
1.6 Key Development Trends manifested in LTE.....................76$jK!Z,N^ n@*P$t a5\
1.6.1 Mapping of User Plane Packets to the Resources....................76,a~A ?^;] uz
1.6.1.1 Method 1: Fast resource allocation on optimum resources...........77
1.6.1.2 Method 2: Slow resource allocation on suboptimum resources....78!T K0Ne v!oZ B,_
1.6.1.3 GSM..............................................................................................78{ QJ-A U.r,V T
1.6.1.4 WCDMA.........................................................................................78? L3V-R)Y Kl
1.6.1.5 HSPA.............................................................................................78}+A;ba1l Xt Y
1.6.1.6 LTE................................................................................................785yuJ+|u3{_;T
1.6.1.7 General trend.................................................................................78^1oYrec5Z
1.6.2 All IP Network and Simple Packet Service Driven Protocols.....80 T]{2Xf!]_
1.6.2.1 Reduced User Plane Latency........................................................82
1.6.2.1 Reduced Control Plane Latency....................................................848Y O6g:vU~
1.7 LTE Key Feature Summary..................................................863M:O G^*~}
1.7.1 Air Interface Technology...........................................................86
1.7.2 System Architecture..................................................................87
1.7.3 Service Aspects........................................................................87
Key Technologies of the LTE Physical Layer......................89m i XU r`S
2.1 Introduction OFDM Technology..........................................90
2.1.1 Impact of Orthogonality in the Frequency Domain – 3 Steps....90
2.1.2 Practical Exercise: Physical Basics of OFDM / OFDMA...........96-Q@)L S EH*a
2.1.3 Practical Exercise: Scaling of OFDM / OFDMA-Systems..........98
2.1.4 The In-Phase – Quadrature (I/Q) Presentation.......................100
2.1.5 OFDM / OFDMA and IFFT......................................................102
2.1.5.1 Considering the Discrete Oscillator Array Option........................103
2.1.5.2 Details of the IFFT Option...........................................................103|@:k twzJ
2.1.5.3 Why is it called F a s t Fourier Transformation?..........................103
2.1.6 Modulation Scheme Overview.................................................104-c*v:^&q~`!] VqG6R
2.1.8 Tackling Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)..................................108 D%L.hNj~;n)K
2.1.8.1 Introduction..................................................................................108
2.1.8.1.1 Delay Spread......................................................................108(ou+d&~&O&MS
2.1.8.2 Cyclic Prefix.................................................................................110 ^ j{ Nm/E ~8c
2.1.8.2.1 Variable Duration and other Assets of the Cyclic Prefix.....111 m,^ W/i;rd^m,Q
2.1.8.2.2 Cyclic Prefix in OFDMA in LTE...........................................111
2.1.9 Layout of a Typical OFDM System..........................................112$f u} {-r&y5o
2.1.9.1 Remarks on the Brick Wall Image...............................................113
2.1.9.2 Subchannelization ......................................................................113
2.1.9.3 Pilot Subcarriers..........................................................................113 Rn:m%I5{Y(F.Mm
2.1.9.4 Null Subcarriers...........................................................................1137r#e!r.l:oi }#mf
2.2 Introduction to MIMO Technology....................................1141f3{;Hz,RQ-C-z2Z
2.2.1 The Basics: Signal Fading Physics between TX and RX........114-MC7i*B0n8JQ M
2.2.2 Multiplexing Dimensions.........................................................116
2.2.2 Multiplexing Dimensions.........................................................118&@i b O(Of)?R)K\
2.2.3 The Multipath Dimension........................................................120
2.2.6 MIMO General Operation........................................................122
The Physical Layer of E-UTRAN..........................................125
3.1 The Use of OFDM/OFDMA in LTE.....................................126$t$VKq%{Gm
3.1.1 Frame Structure......................................................................126(_+z!H&h5gxiz)Q
3.1.1.1 The generic frame structure........................................................126)F'Sl u[
3.1.1.2 The downlink slots.......................................................................127
3.1.1.3 The uplink slots............................................................................127
3.1.1.4 The frame structure type 2..........................................................1272C9D.l0l)k m-]3B/{
3.1.2 LTE Parameters......................................................................128X9y c#\:M Q~
3.1.2.1 The normal configuration.............................................................128!~*m$Q c n9U7Hr%q
3.1.2.2 The extended configuration with 15 kHz subcarrier separation...128
3.1.2.3 The extended configuration with 7.5 kHz subcarrier separation..129&Rey/G0b@(du0Z:Y
3.1.2 Resource Element and Resource Block Definition..................1300Q9Ln2[J x-tq
3.1.2.1 Definition Resource Element.......................................................130
3.1.2.2 Definition Resource Block...........................................................130
3.1.2.3 Definition Subframe.....................................................................130z5H5[T#u IZ/M
3.1.2.4 Number of resource blocks in a given bandwidth........................1315L5Mk EIaS {/}
3.1.3 Choice of the UL Transmission Scheme (UL Data Symbols only)
.........................................................................................................132
3.1.3.1 What would happen if OFDM would be used in the UL...............133 e2YF;NqBiP5E7Q
3.1.3.2 SC-FDMA is used for the UL.......................................................1335C W _%SI5X)D5r5y
3.1.4 FDD and TDD Operation in E-UTRAN....................................134-?3^*}X&M$` z@
3.1.4.1 Reciprocity...................................................................................134 ]t%Z'Oz
3.1.4.1.1 Reciprocity of the mobile radio channel..............................134 q4c A \3i J.A8g
3.1.4.1.2 Speed of scheduling decisions...........................................135*H7Ur${IA7T!^Z
3.1.4.2 UL / DL Asymmetry and Others...................................................136
3.1.4.2.1 UL/DL symmetry.................................................................136
3.1.4.2.2 Interference scenarios........................................................136(sQ1u`%D3g0`J&[
3.1.4.2.3 TRX architecture.................................................................137p d n\nu4D:kU
3.1.4.2.4 Deployment in a given frequency band...............................137y&_ s:Ve9Jc A ^
3.1.4.3 Summary FDD vs. TDD...............................................................138
3.2 The DL Physical Channels and their Frame Structures. .140
3.2.1 Allocation of DL Physical Channels to Resource Elements....140
3.2.1.1 Not used subcarriers...................................................................142
3.2.1.2 Primary Synchronization Signal...................................................142
3.2.1.3 Secondary Synchronization Signal..............................................142
3.2.1.4 Pilot or Reference Signal.............................................................142Q(s{m[|S
3.2.1.5 PBCH...........................................................................................142:y,I$x c r5Q
3.2.1.6 PCFICH.......................................................................................142 \{ Qq{\(b(qF
3.2.1.7 PHICH.........................................................................................142
3.2.1.8 PDCCH........................................................................................142
3.2.1.9 PDSCH (and PMCH)...................................................................1425g*fR8l0? [
3.2.2 System Information on PBCH and PDSCH.............................144.g0rz8LfNKa r
3.2.2.1 Split of the BCH on the PBCH and the PDSCH..........................144
3.2.3 PCFICH, PDCCH, and PHICH................................................146
3.2.3.1 The PCFICH................................................................................147
3.2.3.2 The PDCCH.................................................................................148 G^ H p8K
3.2.3.3 The PHICH..................................................................................148y B9k0l)qD)D OU G
3.2.4 The Downlink Processing Chain.............................................150O xLP?(nk0}
3.2.4.1 Encoded transport block bits.......................................................150:V.BF;L4Ac+S
3.2.4.2 Scrambling...................................................................................150ui w x[#U$d)o,u_sC P
3.2.4.3 Modulator.....................................................................................152
3.2.4.4 Layer Mapper..............................................................................152
3.2.4.5 Precoding....................................................................................152
3.2.4.6 OFDM signal generation..............................................................152
3.2.4.7 CP and IFFT................................................................................152
3.3 The UL Physical Channels and their Frame Structures. .154
3.3.1 Overview UL Physical Channels (RRC_CONNECTED).........154
3.3.1.1 Scheduling Request (SR) on the PUCCH...................................154/daHA? B8M
3.3.1.2 Small amount of L1 information on the PUCCH..........................155cX!d"yH j`9F:V x N)z.k'u
3.3.1.3 Big amount of L1 information on the PUSCH..............................155
3.3.1.4 L1 information on the PUSCH multiplexed with the TrCH data...155
3.3.1.5 Sounding reference symbols PUSCH resources.........................155
3.3.2 Overview PUCCH...................................................................1565\([)u Qz+a
3.3.3 PUCCH Mapping for ACK/NACK only and Scheduling Request
.........................................................................................................158
3.3.4 Shared usage of Resources with CAZAC Sequences............162
3.3.5.1 PUCCH Format 2........................................................................164
3.3.5.2 PUCCH Formats 2a and 2b.........................................................165
3.3.6 The Uplink Processing Chain..................................................1661|.M? ibs}
3.4 Overview all Physical Channels........................................1689hj$Tx;bPb8Y.ib'a
3.5 Physical Layer Procedures...............................................172%c5ks IT _ j y
3.5.1 Timing Advance Control..........................................................174
3.5.2 Channel Estimation DL...........................................................180
3.5.3 Power Control Principle (PUSCH)...........................................186!o f*pb&d"iz
3.5.4.1 The Transmission Diversity Problem...........................................188p^ K,dA
3.5.5 Initial Cell Search ...................................................................202
3.5.6 Random Access......................................................................206
3.5.7 Inter Cell Interference Mitigation.............................................210
Coordination............................................................................................212
3.6 UE Classes..........................................................................214&rQM N%WKZ`kb^
3.6.1 Overview.................................................................................214
3.6.2 Calculation of the DL Peak Throughput for LTE UE Class 5...216 r0a ZJg7S
The Higher Layers of E-UTRAN...........................................219
4.1 Overview.............................................................................220
4.1.1 E-UTRAN Architecture Control Plane.....................................220 m,_1B9w*xE*Jn:k#W
4.1.2 E-UTRAN Architecture User Plane.........................................222/k \F7}"T:C$F1~FP
4.2 Features of MAC.................................................................224
4.2.1 Overview.................................................................................224T'Gz TH'u_
4.2.2 MAC Random Access Procedure............................................226
4.2.3 Structure of MAC-PDU............................................................228'Vt0c M+y m9m:_f
4.2.4 MAC Control Elements............................................................230
4.2.4.3 DRX.............................................................................................231
4.2.4.4 Padding.......................................................................................231 v%xtG M h e%J0J
4.2.4.5 Short, long and truncated buffer status reports...........................2310r%w#o U*^6fBl+U#K&q(I!v
4.3 Features of RLC.................................................................232
4.3.1 Overview.................................................................................232
4.3.2 Structure of RLC PDU.............................................................234Yqp~C K#@5Z
4.3.3 Structure of RLC AM with PDCP PDU Segments...................236 d:W?%A&FbQMN0L$U
4.4 Features of PDCP...............................................................238
4.4.1 Overview.................................................................................238c P(vu+l Z2X
4.4.2 Structure of PDCP PDU..........................................................2405r ? F0FV$e{6q
4.5 Features of RRC.................................................................2424B4Q*o9\Tv
4.6 NAS Protocol States and Transitions...............................2462^i!c8I4f}!D
4.7 Mobility...............................................................................248
4.8 QoS in LTE..........................................................................256
4.8.1 Bearer Architecture.................................................................256Y&o i&r+Wh
4.8.2 QoS Parameters.....................................................................258'D~8HG)PM
4.8.3 QoS Classes Identifier............................................................260Qq"{d9L+v5T8z&m
4.9 Security in LTE...................................................................262
Selected E-UTRAN Scenarios..............................................265 R,s C7Qt.U |5L M
5.1 Initial Context Setup Procedure........................................266|S.z-^#ZB*` kg
5.2 Tracking Area Update........................................................268!J*Y |oG]$U
5.1.1 Inter MME tracking area update..............................................268
5.1.2 Intra MME tracking area update..............................................269
5.3 PDP Context Establishment..............................................270\7`C*av(hQj
5.4 Intra MME Handover...........................................................274#|q(Q0a4WE8X7{G
5.4.1 Practical Exercise: Intra eNB Handover..................................278
5.5 Inter MME Handover...........................................................280
5.6 How a TCP/IP MTU is reaching the UE / the Internet.......284` ^a ^r7b)S9] O
5.6.1 TCP/IP layer............................................................................284
5.6.2 PDCP layer.............................................................................284 x2D N+Mb |1G"wu2T
5.6.3 RLC layer................................................................................284
5.6.4 MAC layer...............................................................................2856jK$X%Bjg
5.6.5 PHY layer................................................................................285
Solutions for Practical Exercises........................................287q6OSCRY
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[[i] 本帖最后由 smartcat 于 2010-6-10 09:21 编辑 [/i]]
【资料名称】：难得的367页电子书LTE from A-Z.H @1i5[ In
【资料作者】：INACON
【资料日期】：2009:Wf'^6pm`i
【资料语言】：英文o @\:Z0@W-|2RN
【资料格式】：PDF)J'R;Z7N7H |+s9v
【资料目录和简介】：
著名培训机构的LTE培训教材。 深入浅出，从基本概念到深入描述。是一份比较全面的教材。全文367页。有料有内容。是一份难得的教材。一共四个部分，一起解压。
bq7r4{ qH/Qzsc
Table of Content){J+f fzDh R
Principles and Motivation of LTE............................................1'Ds5Vd!HE
1.1 Mobile Radio: Comparison between 3G and 4G..................2A8lZQF M3jM-o v K1A)I
1.1.1 Performance and Mobility Management related Issues..............2 Hi6\kj9|k
1.1.2 Architecture related Issues..........................................................41Q'S/lx"ww DH)o
1.1.3 Procedure and Radio related Issues...........................................6
1.2 Requirements on LTE............................................................8| ] r @@Xb y3w?
1.2.1 General Requirements................................................................8
1.2.2 Important Characteristics of LTE Physical Layer.......................120V?ct&J].~/x
1.2.2.1 General Physical Layer Characteristics.........................................123XS |zJ? u-q
1.2.2.1.1 OFDM ..................................................................................12*|:r+b1h(J]
1.2.2.1.2 Scalable Bandwidth..............................................................13 RF5C b/L d o#Sz
1.2.2.1.3 Smart Antenna Technology..................................................14 z4M Y ^x
1.2.2.1.4 Fast scheduling and AMC.....................................................14D}8T@y
1.2.2.1.5 No Soft(er) handover............................................................14E h @n8}x
1.2.3.2 OFDM/OFDMA..............................................................................167m2sX i3Us6P*l1eN T
1.2.3.2.1 Traditional narrowband communication................................16
1.2.3.2.2 Problems for wideband signals.............................................17O/L K'JWZX
1.2.3.2.3 OFDM...................................................................................17I R S)z _:P5T k
1.2.3.2.4 OFDM and OFDMA..............................................................17;T `$q+mE Cd
1.2.3.2.5 LTE and OFDM.....................................................................17 XP z [u)uR
1.2.3.3 Smart Antenna Technology in LTE................................................186_ gI#DQ{)@
1.2.3.3.1 Categorization of Smart Antenna Technologies...................18
1.2.3.3.1.1 SISO.............................................................................18`&Q5ge'L&d
1.2.3.3.1.2 SIMO............................................................................18P ?5bbKh6|K
1.2.3.3.1.3 MISO............................................................................19
1.2.3.3.1.4 MIMO...........................................................................19
1.2.3.3.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)..................................201B;k}8w ]4dN
1.2.3.3.2.1 Multiple carrier technology...........................................21X UQ e;O
1.2.3.3.2.2 MIMO...........................................................................21
1.2.3.3.3 Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS)........................................22
1.2.3.4 Macro Diversity exploitation by SFN..............................................24
1.2.3.4.1 Requirements for MBMS services........................................24
1.2.3.4.2 MBMS operation with a SFN.................................................243Vg1O(lV W*W)f
1.2.3.4.3 SFN for point to point services..............................................25
1.2.3.5 The Frequency Bands Intended for LTE.......................................26 c9\@&dN3G&~F O#Pz X
1.2.3.6 Flexible Bandwidths, Parameters..................................................28c3d+u#DUz2]#e
1.2.4 Important Characteristics of the LTE Layer 2 and 3..................32af+o-[ G6m8Q*?LX
1.2.4.1 Support of the new LTE L1............................................................32
1.2.4.2 Simple IP centric protocols supporting AIPN.................................32 X I/t*w ? m]&v
1.2.4.3 Support of various inter RAT handovers (GSM, UTRA, etc.)........33'[Opc9Q:v
1.3 LTE and System Architecture Evolution (SAE)..................34
1.3.1 Overview...................................................................................34 TK,G| l wNX
1.3.1.1 Missing RNC..................................................................................34
1.3.1.2 Interconnected eNB’s....................................................................35p3BG2L }(Q8}
1.3.1.3 Separate entities for user plane and control plane in the EPC......36
1.3.1.4 Combined Serving Gateway and MME.........................................36)\ X4h#i z8`,e*K-`h
1.3.1.5 Combined Serving and PDN Gateways........................................362P/Q8E8b*G].Z ~4H+L }
1.3.1.6 S1-flex...........................................................................................36 ^Gu f F XLN
1.3.1.7 Used legacy elements...................................................................36
1.3.1.8 Roaming case................................................................................36
1.3.1.9 Direct Tunnel.................................................................................36"n5G-H5SP:[
1.3.1.10 EPS, EPC, E-UTRAN & LTE, SAE..............................................36B&ss g'L
1.3.2 The eNB....................................................................................38;_ P-j]Q @0v*M6AJ
1.3.2.1 Selection of MME at attachment....................................................39 u&s&}7{F,K$A"e5R
1.3.2.2 Scheduling of paging messages....................................................39O2~!g^ Iq
1.3.2.3 Routing of user plane data to Serving GW....................................40
1.3.2.4 PDCP.............................................................................................40
1.3.2.5 RRM/RRC......................................................................................40
1.3.2.6 RLC...............................................................................................40e Z])]6TlTW
1.3.2.7 MAC...............................................................................................40U5PN Xa*Br
1.3.2.8 Complete L1 functionality..............................................................40Sc't{iI&}:]r
1.3.3 The MME...................................................................................42
1.3.3.1 NAS signalling...............................................................................42
1.3.3.2 Inter CN node signaling (3GPP networks).....................................427f V7Vs7[3rM0y
1.3.3.3 Security management....................................................................429|u#ZHV p!UY9K
1.3.4 The Serving GW........................................................................44
1.3.4.1 Termination of U-plane packets for paging reasons......................44(P[0F9q3`Y[
1.3.4.2 Support of UE mobility anchoring by switching U-plane during inter(O/rWI2J7F
eNB handover............................................................................................44 m;U&b8J}
1.3.4.3 Transport Packet Marking According to QCI.................................45l+X b"b"z+JC;? L\C
1.3.4.4 Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility....................................45
1.3.4.5 Packet routing and forwarding.......................................................45
1.3.4.6 Charging support...........................................................................45.r0G J k2eUQ(J
1.3.4.7 Lawful interception.........................................................................45 w^q9TrI,q
1.3.5 The PDN GW............................................................................46zE8}R-T8tLN2L,~
1.3.5.1 Termination towards of PDN’s.......................................................46X5LY(@(v b$L
1.3.5.2 Policy enforcement........................................................................46
1.3.5.3 Charging support...........................................................................46
1.3.5.4 DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 functions...................................................47L)r*IuHoe'K
1.3.6 Identifiers of the UE and the Network Elements........................48
1.3.6.1 PLMN ID........................................................................................50
1.3.6.2 EPS Bearer ID...............................................................................50
1.3.6.3 MMEI.............................................................................................50 oJvTxI
1.3.6.4 GUMMEI........................................................................................50
1.3.6.5 Physical Cell ID.............................................................................50
1.3.6.6 eNB/cell ID.....................................................................................50
1.3.6.7 TAI.................................................................................................50_"K!A9J*o^0G
1.3.6.8 C-RNTI..........................................................................................50U~(D L)I
1.3.6.9 RA-RNTI........................................................................................50
1.3.6.10 SI-RNTI........................................................................................50 Fk:t'`B ~?9[ jB
1.3.6.11 P-RNTI.........................................................................................50
1.3.6.12 Random Value.............................................................................50
1.3.6.13 IMSI, S-TMSI, and IMEI...............................................................52"P C.oW v hY)o4_!GY
1.3.6.14 GUTI............................................................................................52
1.3.6.15 eNB S1-AP UE ID and MME S1-AP UE ID.................................52y yBz QA:PB0l+K
1.4 The E-UTRAN Protocol Stack..............................................54c7ss ~&W.GBB@
1.4.1 Control Plane Protocol Stack....................................................54 H)uj @y ~:s
1.4.1.1 Air Interface protocols....................................................................55
1.4.1.2 NAS protocols................................................................................56
1.4.2 User Plane Protocol Stack........................................................58Aj+KPqB3G)P
1.4.2.1 Air Interface protocols....................................................................58 go4s8o p'sk(hp
1.4.2.2 S1 protocol....................................................................................58
1.4.3 X2 Interface Control Plane Protocol Stack................................60P"u9aF2?}W
1.4.4 X2 User Plane Protocol Stack...................................................62KsWH ^9nx
1.5 Overview Channels of E-UTRAN.........................................645Lcs&i e"` T3S%t)N`
1.5.1 Channel Types..........................................................................64
1.5.1.1 Logical Channels...........................................................................64v]6S8O/| TU%}$t
1.5.1.2 Transport Channels.......................................................................64
1.5.1.3 Physical Channels.........................................................................65
1.5.2 Logical Channels of E-UTRAN..................................................66n{"hz W g$e`2B,h4A
1.5.2.1 BCCH............................................................................................66 tLz%\M"W K `1a
1.5.2.2 PCCH............................................................................................66
1.5.2.3 CCCH............................................................................................66
1.5.2.4 MCCH............................................................................................66
1.5.2.5 DCCH............................................................................................67H&Elvu^ K
1.5.2.6 DTCH.............................................................................................67"W~ nW/Fg
1.5.2.7 MTCH............................................................................................67
1.5.3 Transport Channels of E-UTRAN..............................................68p(U5tMp ZX$G
1.5.3.1 RACH............................................................................................68
1.5.3.2 UL-SCH.........................................................................................68
1.5.3.3 BCH...............................................................................................68
1.5.3.4 PCH...............................................................................................68-@3SV m US
1.5.3.5 MCH..............................................................................................69&s9c&{k Ewq-IKd5C
1.5.3.6 DL-SCH.........................................................................................69 lC!d\5r
1.5.4 Physical Channels of E-UTRAN................................................70
1.5.4.1 PBCH.............................................................................................70
1.5.4.2 PDCCH..........................................................................................70&P8P z6m)t
1.5.4.3 PCFICH.........................................................................................71+ZC w5cZG
1.5.4.4 PUCCH..........................................................................................71;Hf\ md`V
1.5.4.5 PRACH..........................................................................................715CG a0v!ox _
1.5.4.6 PHICH...........................................................................................72
1.5.4.7 PDSCH..........................................................................................72
1.5.4.8 PMCH............................................................................................72(l&R ]&W*H|s
1.5.4.9 PUSCH..........................................................................................72
1.5.4.10 Downlink reference signal...........................................................72
1.5.4.11 Primary and secondary synchronization signal...........................720r7P5^&K c0N5xq!t Td,v t3O
1.5.4.12 Uplink reference signal or UL pilot symbol..................................72
1.5.4.13 Uplink sounding signal.................................................................72
\P0HZe
1.5.4.14 Random Access Preamble..........................................................725r-L:[2FJ"R7p5nQ l8^
1.5.5 Mapping of Channels in E-UTRAN............................................74
1.6 Key Development Trends manifested in LTE.....................76$jK!Z,N^ n@*P$t a5\
1.6.1 Mapping of User Plane Packets to the Resources....................76,a~A ?^;] uz
1.6.1.1 Method 1: Fast resource allocation on optimum resources...........77
1.6.1.2 Method 2: Slow resource allocation on suboptimum resources....78!T K0Ne v!oZ B,_
1.6.1.3 GSM..............................................................................................78{ QJ-A U.r,V T
1.6.1.4 WCDMA.........................................................................................78? L3V-R)Y Kl
1.6.1.5 HSPA.............................................................................................78}+A;ba1l Xt Y
1.6.1.6 LTE................................................................................................785yuJ+|u3{_;T
1.6.1.7 General trend.................................................................................78^1oYrec5Z
1.6.2 All IP Network and Simple Packet Service Driven Protocols.....80 T]{2Xf!]_
1.6.2.1 Reduced User Plane Latency........................................................82
1.6.2.1 Reduced Control Plane Latency....................................................848Y O6g:vU~
1.7 LTE Key Feature Summary..................................................863M:O G^*~}
1.7.1 Air Interface Technology...........................................................86
1.7.2 System Architecture..................................................................87
1.7.3 Service Aspects........................................................................87
Key Technologies of the LTE Physical Layer......................89m i XU r`S
2.1 Introduction OFDM Technology..........................................90
2.1.1 Impact of Orthogonality in the Frequency Domain – 3 Steps....90
2.1.2 Practical Exercise: Physical Basics of OFDM / OFDMA...........96-Q@)L S EH*a
2.1.3 Practical Exercise: Scaling of OFDM / OFDMA-Systems..........98
2.1.4 The In-Phase – Quadrature (I/Q) Presentation.......................100
2.1.5 OFDM / OFDMA and IFFT......................................................102
2.1.5.1 Considering the Discrete Oscillator Array Option........................103
2.1.5.2 Details of the IFFT Option...........................................................103|@:k twzJ
2.1.5.3 Why is it called F a s t Fourier Transformation?..........................103
2.1.6 Modulation Scheme Overview.................................................104-c*v:^&q~`!] VqG6R
2.1.8 Tackling Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)..................................108 D%L.hNj~;n)K
2.1.8.1 Introduction..................................................................................108
2.1.8.1.1 Delay Spread......................................................................108(ou+d&~&O&MS
2.1.8.2 Cyclic Prefix.................................................................................110 ^ j{ Nm/E ~8c
2.1.8.2.1 Variable Duration and other Assets of the Cyclic Prefix.....111 m,^ W/i;rd^m,Q
2.1.8.2.2 Cyclic Prefix in OFDMA in LTE...........................................111
2.1.9 Layout of a Typical OFDM System..........................................112$f u} {-r&y5o
2.1.9.1 Remarks on the Brick Wall Image...............................................113
2.1.9.2 Subchannelization ......................................................................113
2.1.9.3 Pilot Subcarriers..........................................................................113 Rn:m%I5{Y(F.Mm
2.1.9.4 Null Subcarriers...........................................................................1137r#e!r.l:oi }#mf
2.2 Introduction to MIMO Technology....................................1141f3{;Hz,RQ-C-z2Z
2.2.1 The Basics: Signal Fading Physics between TX and RX........114-MC7i*B0n8JQ M
2.2.2 Multiplexing Dimensions.........................................................116
2.2.2 Multiplexing Dimensions.........................................................118&@i b O(Of)?R)K\
2.2.3 The Multipath Dimension........................................................120
2.2.6 MIMO General Operation........................................................122
The Physical Layer of E-UTRAN..........................................125
3.1 The Use of OFDM/OFDMA in LTE.....................................126$t$VKq%{Gm
3.1.1 Frame Structure......................................................................126(_+z!H&h5gxiz)Q
3.1.1.1 The generic frame structure........................................................126)F'Sl u[
3.1.1.2 The downlink slots.......................................................................127
3.1.1.3 The uplink slots............................................................................127
3.1.1.4 The frame structure type 2..........................................................1272C9D.l0l)k m-]3B/{
3.1.2 LTE Parameters......................................................................128X9y c#\:M Q~
3.1.2.1 The normal configuration.............................................................128!~*m$Q c n9U7Hr%q
3.1.2.2 The extended configuration with 15 kHz subcarrier separation...128
3.1.2.3 The extended configuration with 7.5 kHz subcarrier separation..129&Rey/G0b@(du0Z:Y
3.1.2 Resource Element and Resource Block Definition..................1300Q9Ln2[J x-tq
3.1.2.1 Definition Resource Element.......................................................130
3.1.2.2 Definition Resource Block...........................................................130
3.1.2.3 Definition Subframe.....................................................................130z5H5[T#u IZ/M
3.1.2.4 Number of resource blocks in a given bandwidth........................1315L5Mk EIaS {/}
3.1.3 Choice of the UL Transmission Scheme (UL Data Symbols only)
.........................................................................................................132
3.1.3.1 What would happen if OFDM would be used in the UL...............133 e2YF;NqBiP5E7Q
3.1.3.2 SC-FDMA is used for the UL.......................................................1335C W _%SI5X)D5r5y
3.1.4 FDD and TDD Operation in E-UTRAN....................................134-?3^*}X&M$` z@
3.1.4.1 Reciprocity...................................................................................134 ]t%Z'Oz
3.1.4.1.1 Reciprocity of the mobile radio channel..............................134 q4c A \3i J.A8g
3.1.4.1.2 Speed of scheduling decisions...........................................135*H7Ur${IA7T!^Z
3.1.4.2 UL / DL Asymmetry and Others...................................................136
3.1.4.2.1 UL/DL symmetry.................................................................136
3.1.4.2.2 Interference scenarios........................................................136(sQ1u`%D3g0`J&[
3.1.4.2.3 TRX architecture.................................................................137p d n\nu4D:kU
3.1.4.2.4 Deployment in a given frequency band...............................137y&_ s:Ve9Jc A ^
3.1.4.3 Summary FDD vs. TDD...............................................................138
3.2 The DL Physical Channels and their Frame Structures. .140
3.2.1 Allocation of DL Physical Channels to Resource Elements....140
3.2.1.1 Not used subcarriers...................................................................142
3.2.1.2 Primary Synchronization Signal...................................................142
3.2.1.3 Secondary Synchronization Signal..............................................142
3.2.1.4 Pilot or Reference Signal.............................................................142Q(s{m[|S
3.2.1.5 PBCH...........................................................................................142:y,I$x c r5Q
3.2.1.6 PCFICH.......................................................................................142 \{ Qq{\(b(qF
3.2.1.7 PHICH.........................................................................................142
3.2.1.8 PDCCH........................................................................................142
3.2.1.9 PDSCH (and PMCH)...................................................................1425g*fR8l0? [
3.2.2 System Information on PBCH and PDSCH.............................144.g0rz8LfNKa r
3.2.2.1 Split of the BCH on the PBCH and the PDSCH..........................144
3.2.3 PCFICH, PDCCH, and PHICH................................................146
3.2.3.1 The PCFICH................................................................................147
3.2.3.2 The PDCCH.................................................................................148 G^ H p8K
3.2.3.3 The PHICH..................................................................................148y B9k0l)qD)D OU G
3.2.4 The Downlink Processing Chain.............................................150O xLP?(nk0}
3.2.4.1 Encoded transport block bits.......................................................150:V.BF;L4Ac+S
3.2.4.2 Scrambling...................................................................................150ui w x[#U$d)o,u_sC P
3.2.4.3 Modulator.....................................................................................152
3.2.4.4 Layer Mapper..............................................................................152
3.2.4.5 Precoding....................................................................................152
3.2.4.6 OFDM signal generation..............................................................152
3.2.4.7 CP and IFFT................................................................................152
3.3 The UL Physical Channels and their Frame Structures. .154
3.3.1 Overview UL Physical Channels (RRC_CONNECTED).........154
3.3.1.1 Scheduling Request (SR) on the PUCCH...................................154/daHA? B8M
3.3.1.2 Small amount of L1 information on the PUCCH..........................155cX!d"yH j`9F:V x N)z.k'u
3.3.1.3 Big amount of L1 information on the PUSCH..............................155
3.3.1.4 L1 information on the PUSCH multiplexed with the TrCH data...155
3.3.1.5 Sounding reference symbols PUSCH resources.........................155
3.3.2 Overview PUCCH...................................................................1565\([)u Qz+a
3.3.3 PUCCH Mapping for ACK/NACK only and Scheduling Request
.........................................................................................................158
3.3.4 Shared usage of Resources with CAZAC Sequences............162
3.3.5.1 PUCCH Format 2........................................................................164
3.3.5.2 PUCCH Formats 2a and 2b.........................................................165
3.3.6 The Uplink Processing Chain..................................................1661|.M? ibs}
3.4 Overview all Physical Channels........................................1689hj$Tx;bPb8Y.ib'a
3.5 Physical Layer Procedures...............................................172%c5ks IT _ j y
3.5.1 Timing Advance Control..........................................................174
3.5.2 Channel Estimation DL...........................................................180
3.5.3 Power Control Principle (PUSCH)...........................................186!o f*pb&d"iz
3.5.4.1 The Transmission Diversity Problem...........................................188p^ K,dA
3.5.5 Initial Cell Search ...................................................................202
3.5.6 Random Access......................................................................206
3.5.7 Inter Cell Interference Mitigation.............................................210
Coordination............................................................................................212
3.6 UE Classes..........................................................................214&rQM N%WKZ`kb^
3.6.1 Overview.................................................................................214
3.6.2 Calculation of the DL Peak Throughput for LTE UE Class 5...216 r0a ZJg7S
The Higher Layers of E-UTRAN...........................................219
4.1 Overview.............................................................................220
4.1.1 E-UTRAN Architecture Control Plane.....................................220 m,_1B9w*xE*Jn:k#W
4.1.2 E-UTRAN Architecture User Plane.........................................222/k \F7}"T:C$F1~FP
4.2 Features of MAC.................................................................224
4.2.1 Overview.................................................................................224T'Gz TH'u_
4.2.2 MAC Random Access Procedure............................................226
4.2.3 Structure of MAC-PDU............................................................228'Vt0c M+y m9m:_f
4.2.4 MAC Control Elements............................................................230
4.2.4.3 DRX.............................................................................................231
4.2.4.4 Padding.......................................................................................231 v%xtG M h e%J0J
4.2.4.5 Short, long and truncated buffer status reports...........................2310r%w#o U*^6fBl+U#K&q(I!v
4.3 Features of RLC.................................................................232
4.3.1 Overview.................................................................................232
4.3.2 Structure of RLC PDU.............................................................234Yqp~C K#@5Z
4.3.3 Structure of RLC AM with PDCP PDU Segments...................236 d:W?%A&FbQMN0L$U
4.4 Features of PDCP...............................................................238
4.4.1 Overview.................................................................................238c P(vu+l Z2X
4.4.2 Structure of PDCP PDU..........................................................2405r ? F0FV$e{6q
4.5 Features of RRC.................................................................2424B4Q*o9\Tv
4.6 NAS Protocol States and Transitions...............................2462^i!c8I4f}!D
4.7 Mobility...............................................................................248
4.8 QoS in LTE..........................................................................256
4.8.1 Bearer Architecture.................................................................256Y&o i&r+Wh
4.8.2 QoS Parameters.....................................................................258'D~8HG)PM
4.8.3 QoS Classes Identifier............................................................260Qq"{d9L+v5T8z&m
4.9 Security in LTE...................................................................262
Selected E-UTRAN Scenarios..............................................265 R,s C7Qt.U |5L M
5.1 Initial Context Setup Procedure........................................266|S.z-^#ZB*` kg
5.2 Tracking Area Update........................................................268!J*Y |oG]$U
5.1.1 Inter MME tracking area update..............................................268
5.1.2 Intra MME tracking area update..............................................269
5.3 PDP Context Establishment..............................................270\7`C*av(hQj
5.4 Intra MME Handover...........................................................274#|q(Q0a4WE8X7{G
5.4.1 Practical Exercise: Intra eNB Handover..................................278
5.5 Inter MME Handover...........................................................280
5.6 How a TCP/IP MTU is reaching the UE / the Internet.......284` ^a ^r7b)S9] O
5.6.1 TCP/IP layer............................................................................284
5.6.2 PDCP layer.............................................................................284 x2D N+Mb |1G"wu2T
5.6.3 RLC layer................................................................................284
5.6.4 MAC layer...............................................................................2856jK$X%Bjg
5.6.5 PHY layer................................................................................285
Solutions for Practical Exercises........................................287q6OSCRY
Xzv.on
[[i] 本帖最后由 smartcat 于 2010-6-10 09:21 编辑 [/i]]
2010-6-2 08:53
tscinter
谢谢分享。:handshake
2010-6-2 08:58
小人儿
小弟英文很不好 不过还是下载了 就当一边了解LTE 一边学英文了 哈哈
2010-6-2 09:02
黑山老妖
英文的，妈呀，啃完了不知道还记得不，中文的都不一定能理解呢！:Q
2010-6-2 09:03
黑山老妖
这么大，难道还是扫描版本的？
2010-6-2 09:04
qingyue
学习学习，谢谢楼主分享！
2010-6-2 09:08
b810118
全英文
还是很不错的说
还是很不错的说
2010-6-2 09:08
WILLIAMZHANSHEN
很好啊，十分强大的资料
2010-6-2 09:09
jack_huang
haodongxi 谢谢分享。:handshake :handshake
2010-6-2 09:19
unicom_fj
已经下了，谢谢！
2010-6-2 09:23
无畏布衣
不知道讲解怎么样啊？！
2010-6-2 09:25
VOLVO_S80
很不错。。。。。。。。。。。
2010-6-2 10:27
tianmxk
谢谢楼主，看看
2010-6-4 14:43
zgtao1010
我看楼上头像的
呵呵
多谢LZ
呵呵
多谢LZ
2010-6-4 14:45
朱雅鹏
又英文的啊，郁闷。还是顶一个:time:
2010-6-11 11:00
gw-210
很好的啊，O(∩_∩)O谢谢
2010-6-11 11:19
tianyi210
谢谢分享。:handshake
2010-6-11 11:22
goodstudy123
很好很强大！！！
2010-6-11 16:19
yangfan197987
下了4O!@;x)L/w-X8C9T
十分感谢，
十分感谢，
2010-6-13 07:50
hhyaya
十分感谢，先来看看
2010-6-26 13:25
ashuang
学习学习，谢谢楼主分享！
学习学习，谢谢楼主分享！
学习学习，谢谢楼主分享！
2010-6-27 19:59
yezi0608
好东西
好东西，收藏先，没威望了
好东西，收藏先，没威望了
2010-6-29 01:50
xinyi109
很好啊，十分强大的资料
2010-7-1 10:57
yinqian_xidian
路过看看！！！！！
2010-7-2 17:28
newacer
谢谢楼主分享
2010-7-22 13:18
kanboo
非常感谢。。。。。！！！
2010-7-22 15:50
annual
thanks!good!
thanks!good!
thanks!good!
2010-7-22 15:54
annual
再顶一次！！！！！！！！！！！
再顶一次！111！！！！！！！！！！！！
再顶一次！111！！！！！！！！！！！！
2010-8-3 10:55
hustlzj
感谢，看SPEC看郁闷了，很难看懂啊，上来找点别人总结的来看。
2010-8-5 09:07
kanboo
英文很多阿。。。。。。。。。。
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